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Entretien d'Europe n 22
Imprimer
11th February 2008

After the Serb presidential elections, what are the issues at stake for Kosovo, the Balkans and the EU?



Entretien avec Jean-Arnault Dérens : Historian and journalist specialised in the Balkans and editor of the "Courrier des Balkans", author of "Piège au Kosovo" (Editions Non-Lieu, January 2008) and "Comprendre les Balkans"(with Laurent Geslin, Editions Non-Lieu, October 2007)


Quelle lecture faites-vous des résultats de l'élection présidentielle serbe et de la victoire de Boris Tadic ?

Avant tout, l'élection de Boris Tadic peut être perçue comme un soulagement. En effet, une victoire de Tomislav Nikolic aurait signifié un retour en arrière et aurait eu des conséquences catastrophiques et immédiates dans l'ensemble des Balkans. Il convient néanmoins de rappeler qu'il s'agit d'une victoire "à l'arrachée" dans un contexte politique confus. En effet, Boris Tadic se trouve dans une situation politique "inconfortable" : sa campagne s'est centrée sur l'adhésion à l'Union européenne mais en même temps il avait fait alliance avec le Premier ministre, Vojislav Kostunica.

La difficulté de sa position réside également dans le manque de cohérence frappant de l'Union européenne dans la région. La récente proposition de signature d'un Accord de Stabilisation et d'Association en est une illustration supplémentaire : l'Union européenne s'est proposée d' "accélérer" le processus d'intégration de la Serbie pour s'assurer une plus grande flexibilité serbe sur le statut du Kosovo, fermant les yeux sur ses principes et conditions requises pour un tel accord.
Le veto néerlandais était lui cohérent même s'il a sonné comme un désaveu de l'Union européenne.

Quelle est, selon vous, l'évolution envisageable des relations entre l'Union européenne et la Serbie ?
Vous avez affirmé récemment lors d'une intervention à l'Ambassade de Slovénie à Paris que l'adhésion européenne des pays des Balkans Occidentaux serait la seule solution à la situation d'instabilité actuelle.
Quels instruments l'Union européenne devrait-elle mettre en place afin de stabiliser cette région ?


L'Union européenne doit se doter d'une politique régionale pour les Balkans. Les critères de Copenhague ne sont absolument pas suffisants et la politique européenne d'adhésion au cas par cas n'est pas réaliste.
La région des Balkans doit être considérée dans son ensemble. La "crise du Kosovo" ne se résume pas au Kosovo mais est une crise régionale secouant également la Bosnie, la Macédoine et le Monténégro. Il est illusoire de vouloir abstraire le Kosovo de la zone dans laquelle il se trouve comme l'avait fait le plan Ahtisaari.

Cependant, l'Union européenne ne dispose que d'une "arme" pour stabiliser la région : l'adhésion. Bien évidemment une intégration des Etats balkaniques ne peut s'envisager que sur le long terme. Cependant, l'Union européenne pourrait mettre en place sur le moyen terme, un sommet UE-Balkans élaborant des objectifs, des impératifs auxquels devraient se plier la Serbie et ses voisins et un calendrier précis. Ces impératifs pourraient s'articuler autour de trois grandes lignes :
• Le respect des frontières
• Le respect des droits des minorités
• La recherche de bonnes relations régionales
En "échange" du respect de ces impératifs, l'Union européenne pourrait s'engager à établir un plan d'adhésion.

L'Union européenne connaît une érosion de sa crédibilité. Les forces politiques en faveur de l'intégration européenne dans les Balkans ont besoin de savoir précisément quand leur pays pourra adhérer à l'Union européenne. Elle doit prendre conscience de cette attente.

Outre le fait de ne pas considérer la crise du Kosovo dans sa dimension régionale, l'Union européenne risque de reproduire les erreurs qu'elles a faites depuis l'éclatement de la Yougoslavie : chercher des solutions provisoires en comptant sur le temps pour apaiser la situation. Or, cette "méthode" a montré ses limites : en croyant dangereux d' "ouvrir tous les dossiers" à la fois et en voulant laisser le temps calmer les choses, l'Union européenne a laissé la situation bosniaque se dégrader. Le temps a aggravé les tensions et enlisé la situation.

D'autre part, que doit faire la Serbie pour avancer sur la voie de l'adhésion à l'UE ?

Le gouvernement serbe risque de tomber suite à l'indépendance que le Kosovo ne manquera pas de déclarer dans les prochains jours. La Serbie n'est plus en mesure de proposer des solutions, c'est à l'Union européenne de lui tendre la main. La remise des criminels de guerre au TPIY sera nécessaire mais elle n'est pas à l'ordre du jour.
Il faut néanmoins souligner que Boris Tadic a adopté le texte portant sur le réexamen des relations avec les Etats reconnaissant un futur Kosovo indépendant. Les relations entre la Serbie et l'Union européenne semblent lourdement menacées.

Le Kosovo est sur le point de déclarer son indépendance.
Quelles sont les conséquences à prévoir pour les relations entre la Serbie et le Kosovo ?
De quelle manière les relations entre la Serbie et un Kosovo indépendant pourraient-elles évoluer?


La future relation entre la Serbie et un Kosovo indépendant dépendra de la manière dont se fera cette proclamation d'indépendance et du niveau des violences qui en découleront. Nous ne pouvons pas savoir si les réactions seront d'ordre symbolique et diplomatique ou si le scénario catastrophe du nettoyage ethnique et de l'exode massif se réalisera. Le scénario espéré par la diplomatie européenne serait celui d'une stabilisation de la situation avec le maintien d'enclaves serbes dans le nord du Kosovo gérées à la fois par des institutions proches de l'Union européenne et par des instances serbes. Ces enclaves pourraient procéder à des "sécessions soft", du moins pour quelques années.

Il est difficile de parler d'une future "relation" entre Serbie et Kosovo.
Tout d'abord parce que la Serbie ne reconnaîtra pas de Kosovo indépendant.
Le Kosovo subira un blocus de la part de la Serbie qui pourra s'avérer dramatique pour le nouvel Etat, notamment en termes énergétique puisque le Kosovo est dans un état de dépendance énergétique quasi-totale vis-à-vis de la Serbie.
Une coopération entre la Serbie et le Kosovo en pourra se faire que dans le cadre de l'adhésion à l'Union européenne, même dans le cas de coopérations ponctuelles, inenvisageables aujourd'hui.

Comment pensez-vous que les Etats européens réagiront à la déclaration d'indépendance du Kosovo ? Quel impact la question du Kosovo aura-t-elle finalement sur l'Union européenne elle-même compte tenu des divergences entre les Etats membres sur l'opportunité de reconnaître cette indépendance ?

La grande majorité des Etats membres s'apprêtent à reconnaître un Kosovo indépendant. Les quelques Etats qui y sont réticents (Belgique, Chypre, Espagne, Grèce, Roumanie et Slovaquie) ne s'opposeront cependant pas à une mission européenne au kosovo.
L'envoi d'une mission européenne au Kosovo ne peut se faire que dans deux cas :
• Si le secrétaire général de l'ONU donne son feu vert dans le cadre de la résolution 1244 ;
• Si le parlement kosovar déclare son indépendance, que celle-ci est massivement reconnue et que le gouvernement kosovar demande officiellement une intervention de l'Union européenne.

La deuxième option semble la plus probable car le Conseil de Sécurité de l'ONU n'est pas favorable à l'indépendance du Kosovo et ne soutiendra pas d'intervention européenne.
Cependant, la deuxième option impliquerait un processus étalé dans le temps qui ne peut se dérouler qu'en l'absence de violences.

En ce qui concerne l'impact possible sur l'Union européenne, le manque de clarté et d'unité de sa position sur le Kosovo l'a incontestablement affaiblie. Si cette indépendance devait se faire d'une façon très violente, les conséquences seraient dramatiques pour l'Union européenne non seulement en termes de déstabilisation régionale, mais également en termes de crédibilité dans la mesure où l'Union est perçue comme incapable de stabiliser les régions qui lui sont frontalières et de s'impliquer efficacement.

Quel serait aussi l'impact sur l'évolution des relations entre l'Union et la Russie ?

La Russie se "sert" du Kosovo pour revenir sur la scène politique internationale. On a cru que la Russie demanderait aux Etats européens la révision de certaines positions politiques en échange d'un assouplissement de sa position vis-à-vis du Kosovo. Or, ce n'est pas arrivé et, par conséquent, la Russie peut continuer dans cette logique de soutien total à la Serbie.
Il convient de souligner que les Balkans ne constituaient jusqu'à présent pas une région "stratégique" pour Moscou.
Actuellement, parce que les hydrocarbures acheminés entre la Russie et l'Europe passent par les Balkans, cette région concerne les intérêts économiques russes. On assiste actuellement à un véritable "retour" de la Russie dans les Balkans et plus généralement dans l'ancienne "Europe de l'est" : un accord concernant des raffineries a été signé récemment avec la Bosnie, il y quelques jours c'est avec la Bulgarie que la Russie a signé des accords dont un portant sur la construction d'une centrale nucléaire à Béléné, d'une valeur de 4 milliards d'euro et enfin des accords de nature énergétique ont aussi été signés avec la Serbie.
La Russie jouit d'une capacité de nuisance importante puisqu'elle peut agir sur l'approvisionnement en énergie de l'Europe et des Balkans. En outre, en se faisant le défenseur de la légalité internationale, elle renforce sa position.
La question du Kosovo constituera sûrement un nouveau facteur de détérioration des relations entre la Russie et l'Union européenne.


On évoque souvent les risques de l'effet domino que pourrait entraîner cette indépendance et du précèdent qu'elle pourrait créer dans d'autres pays.
D'après vous, quels sont les risques réels qu'il convient d'anticiper ?


Concernant l'impact qu'aurait l'indépendance du Kosovo en qualité de précédent juridique pouvant donner lieu à d'autres déclarations d'indépendance dans des Etats européens, il faut rester prudent.
En effet, cette indépendance sans doute bientôt annoncée par le Kosovo est une "première" en droit mais on ne peut pas encore dire si elle sera considérée comme un "précédent" justifiant d'autres déclarations d'indépendance.

La question du Kosovo doit être abordée dans sa dimension régionale. Si la situation dégénère, il faut s'attendre à des répercussions en Albanie et en Macédoine. Cependant, on peut estimer que la proclamation de l'indépendance du Kosovo et sa reconnaissance massive pourra en quelque sorte apaiser les Albanais de Macédoine. Il ne sera dès lors pas dans leur intérêt de pousser à un éclatement de la Macédoine. A l'inverse, si cette indépendance se voyait repoussée, on pourrait s'attendre à des tensions croissantes en Macédoine. Cependant, ce constat relève d'une vision de court terme. En effet, sur le moyen terme, la question nationale albanaise qui est transfrontalière se doit d'être posée.

Plus rapidement, la question de la Bosnie risque de refaire surface. En effet, la Serbie ne manquera pas d'interroger la communauté internationale sur les droits des Serbes de Bosnie en comparant la situation avec celle des Albanais du Kosovo. Inévitablement, cette indépendance aura des conséquences importantes pour la Bosnie. On risque, comme c'est déjà le cas, d'assister à une surenchère démagogique de la part des dirigeants politiques des Balkans, chacun jouant sur les peurs de l'autre et anticipant les réactions de l'autre.


Propos recueillis par Luce RICARD.



Publishing Director: Pascale JOANNIN

The Robert Schuman Foundation, created in 1991 and acknowledged by State decree in 1992, is the main French research centre on Europe. It develops research on the European Union and its policies and promotes the content of these in France , Europe and abroad. It encourages, enriches and stimulates European debate thanks to its research, publications and the organisation of conferences. The Foundation is presided over by Mr. Jean-Dominique Giuliani.

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Financial Crisis
The Spanish economy continued to contract in the fourth quarter of 2009 maintaining the country in recession with a quarterly GDP decline of 0.1%...
Greco/Brussels
Culture
The Palace of Fine Arts in Brussels is presenting an exhibition devoted to Greco until 9th May. This is a unique chance to see the greatest...
Europe
USA
The security of Europe "is a cornerstone of the American foreign policy," said American Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on 29th January in Paris...
Carneval/Italy
Culture
On 6th February the Carneval of Venice and that of Rome started and will last until 16th February. In Venice a mysterious, baroque population...
Reform
Macedonia
During its last two sessions the Macedonian government adopted 37 draft laws that aim to harmonise national legislation with that of Europe. These...
Romania
Financial Crisis
On 27th January the IMF and the EU announced that they were resuming their anti-crisis aid to Romania. The total amount expected is 3.3 billion...
Czech Republic
Financial Crisis
The annual IMF mission to the Czech Republic ended on 25th January. According to its conclusions the rate of the country's economic growth is due to...
Election/Greece
Foundation
Carolos Papoulias was re-elected President of the Republic of Greece on 3rd February almost unanimously by the members of the Vouli, the only chamber...
Ulster
UK
On 5th February an agreement was signed at Hillsborough Castle between British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Irish PM Brian Cowen with regard to...
UK
Financial Crisis
According to statistics published on 26th January by the National Statistics Office, the UK is no longer in recession: growth increased by 0.1% in...
Services
Studies/Reports
Just as the transposition deadline came on 28th December 2009 only one third of the 27 Member States are said to have fully set in place measures...

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