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Entretien d'Europe n 42
Imprimer
9th November 2009

Interview with Jacques Barrot, Vice-President of the European Commission for Justice, Freedom and Security


1. Question : La construction d'un espace de justice, de liberté et de sécurité recèle un conflit entre deux exigences qui peuvent se révéler potentiellement contradictoires: d'un côté, assurer la sécurité intérieure de l'Union européenne face à des menaces que les citoyens perçoivent avec de plus en plus d'acuité; de l'autre, protéger la vie privée et notamment les données personnelles de ces même citoyens contre toute intrusion. Comment concilier ces deux objectifs fondamentaux ?

Je suis particulièrement attaché au respect de l'équilibre entre les exigences de la sécurité publique et le respect des libertés individuelles. Ces deux exigences sont complémentaires et non pas contradictoires. Et cette complémentarité est le propre de toute construction démocratique.

Les propositions de la Commission européenne pour le programme de Stockholm, qui va constituer la feuille de route de l'Union européenne en matière de justice, de liberté et de sécurité pour les 5 années à venir, vont dans ce sens. Dans l'espace européen, les personnes doivent pouvoir circuler en toute sécurité. Il faut pour cela que les policiers, les juges, les procureurs coopèrent mieux entre eux, qu'ils puissent s'échanger les informations nécessaires. C'est une nécessité absolue dans un espace où les frontières intérieures ont été abolies pour 22 Etats membres.

La sécurité passe donc par le renforcement de l'échange des données via Europol, Eurojust et à tous les niveaux opérationnels. Mais ceci ne doit pas se faire au détriment de la protection des données personnelles, qui est un droit fondamental. Nous devons savoir mettre en place des garde-fous pour éviter "cyber-brother"! L'Europe dispose déjà en la matière, grâce à la directive de 1995, de normes exigeantes et de l'un des niveaux de protection les plus élevé au monde. Ce niveau d'exigence doit être adapté aux nouveaux défis technologiques. L''Europe doit aussi se doter d'un régime de protection qui couvre de manière complète les échanges en matière de sécurité. L'Union européenne doit également jouer un rôle moteur dans le développement et la promotion de standards internationaux pour des technologies et services respectueux de la vie privée.


2. Dans ce contexte, se pose notamment la question des relations entre l'Union européenne et les Etats-Unis. Ainsi, le 17 septembre, les députés européens ont adopté une résolution réclamant que les données bancaires des citoyens européens ne soient collectées qu'à des fins de lutte contre le terrorisme, en gardant un équilibre entre mesures de sécurité et protection des libertés civiles. Les parlementaires ont donc demandé au Conseil de rouvrir les négociations avec les Etats-Unis sur le transfert de ces données via le réseau SWIFT. Comment comptez-vous répondre à ces demandes ?

La société SWIFT est une entreprise privée de messagerie financière qui gère notamment une base de données située aux Etats-Unis. Depuis des années, le Trésor américain a accès à certaines données de SWIFT qui sont nécessaires pour la lutte contre le terrorisme. Cet accès a permis aux autorités américaines de prévenir avec succès des attentats terroristes et de faciliter les investigations, tant aux Etats-Unis que dans l'Union européenne.
Parallèlement, les autorités américaines se sont engagées à respecter toute une série de règles strictes en matière de protection des données. Afin d'évaluer la légitimité de ces échanges et le respect par les autorités américaines de leurs engagements en matière de protection des données, l'Union européenne a commandé un rapport à une personnalité indépendante, le magistrat français Jean-Louis Bruguière. Ce rapport a abouti à des conclusions positives.

Depuis, la donne a changé. La société SWIFT a décidé de rapatrier sa base de données en Europe. Un nouvel accord international entre l'Union européenne et les Etats-Unis est donc maintenant nécessaire pour permettre le transfert aux Etats-Unis de données de messageries financières qui ne sont pas stockées sur le territoire américain, mais qui sont nécessaires pour lutter contre le terrorisme. Signer cet accord est important pour la sécurité des citoyens européens. Mais cet accord aura toutefois une durée très limitée, d'un maximum de douze mois. Dès que le Traité de Lisbonne entrera en vigueur, nous pourrons le renégocier, en impliquant pleinement le Parlement européen, ce qui n'est pas possible dans le cadre juridique actuel. Cette association pleine et entière du Parlement garantira la transparence démocratique.

Le dossier SWIFT est en effet un bon exemple de l'équilibre que nous devons atteindre entre la protection efficace de l'Union et de ses habitants contre de possibles menaces terroristes, et la garantie d'un niveau élevé de protection des données personnelles. J'ajoute que c'est aussi un test dans nos relations avec les Etats-Unis. Il faut que nous aboutissions de part et d'autre de l'Atlantique à une même vision de cet équilibre entre sécurité et protection des données.


3. Le Traité de Lisbonne introduit un certain nombre d'innovations en matière de justice et de sécurité. Quels sont à votre avis les apports principaux de ce Traité et comment faire en sorte d'en exploiter au maximum le potentiel ?

Le Traité de Lisbonne apporte plusieurs innovations majeures. En matière de coopération policière et de coopération judiciaire pénale, ou d'immigration légale, il sera possible d'adopter désormais les mesures à la majorité qualifiée et non plus à l'unanimité. C'est un point fondamental pour faciliter les prises de décision au Conseil des ministres.

Le Parlement européen, qui n'était auparavant que consulté dans ces domaines, devient colégislateur. La légitimité démocratique de notre action en sera renforcée. Ce rôle accru du Parlement devrait nous permettre de progresser dans de nombreux domaines, par exemple en matière de garanties procédurales accordées aux personnes dans les procédures pénales. C'est un domaine auquel le Parlement européen et la Commission attachent de l'importance mais dont les progrès sont bloqués depuis plusieurs années par la règle de l'unanimité au Conseil des ministres.

Deuxième progrès très marquant: la Charte des droits fondamentaux va acquérir un caractère contraignant et l'Union européenne va pouvoir adhérer à la Convention européenne des droits de l'Homme.

Un autre élément important est le renforcement du contrôle de la Cour de justice. Si de nombreux textes ont été adoptés au cours des années passées, on s'aperçoit que les progrès sur le terrain sont souvent trop faibles, faute de mise en œuvre par les Etats membres. C'est particulièrement vrai en matière de coopération policière et judiciaire pénale. Le nouveau Traité permettra à la Commission européenne de pleinement jouer son rôle pour assurer que les décisions européennes sont effectivement appliquées dans les Etats.

Le Traité de Lisbonne nous donne donc des leviers puissants pour faire progresser l'intégration européenne en matière de justice, de liberté et de sécurité. Nous devons maintenant faire preuve de la volonté politique nécessaire pour les actionner efficacement. C'est pourquoi la Commission propose au Parlement et au Conseil un programme de Stockholm au niveau d'ambition élevé.


4. Lors du colloque "préparer le programme de Stockholm" du 4 mars dernier, vous avez affirmé vouloir "mettre la personne au centre de la construction de l'espace de justice, de liberté et de sécurité". Les politiques de votre portefeuille concernent en effet de près le quotidien des citoyens européens. Quels sont, à votre avis, les domaines prioritaires pour ramener le citoyen au cœur de la construction communautaire ? Quels sont les moyens pour l'impliquer dans la définition et l'élaboration même de ces politiques ?

Il est en effet essentiel que les citoyens puissent sentir au quotidien les bénéfices du projet européen.

D'abord, nous devons favoriser la libre circulation des personnes. C'est un acquis majeur de l'Union. C'est un droit fondamental. Concrètement, toutefois, on constate que les citoyens européens se heurtent encore trop souvent à des obstacles administratifs pour circuler et séjourner librement dans l'Union. Seulement 8 millions de citoyens résident dans un Etat membre qui n'est pas le leur pour étudier, travailler, rejoindre leur conjoint, vivre en famille, passer leur retraite. Il faut remédier aux difficultés pratiques qui sont autant de freins à la mobilité. Par exemple, la Commission propose dans le programme de Stockholm d'améliorer les conditions de circulation et de reconnaissance des actes d'état-civil dans l'Union européenne. Savez vous que chaque année on enregistre en Europe jusqu'à 15 millions de changements d'état-civil, dont jusqu'à un tiers ayant un aspect transfrontalier? Un Livre Vert ouvrira le débat sur ce sujet en 2010.

Autre levier pour favoriser la mobilité : 450.000 successions internationales sont ouvertes chaque année dans l'Union européenne. Or, les règles concernant la compétence des tribunaux et la loi applicable varient considérablement d'un Etat membre à l'autre. Les héritiers font face à un imbroglio juridique souvent mal vécu. J'ai proposé d'augmenter la sécurité juridique, en prévoyant l'application d'un critère unique déterminant à la fois la compétence des autorités et la loi applicable par défaut à une succession transfrontalière (le critère de la résidence habituelle du défunt). J'ai également proposé de créer un certificat successoral européen, qui permettra de fournir sans autres formalités la preuve de sa qualité d'héritier.

C'est également par les nouvelles technologies que les barrières tomberont. L'Union européenne va lancer, dans les prochains mois, le portail E-Justice, qui permettra à chacun d'accéder facilement aux informations sur les différents systèmes judiciaires européens et d'être éclairé sur ses droits. Nous souhaitons également développer le recours à la visioconférence en matière judiciaire. Cela permettra d'éviter aux victimes d'avoir à se déplacer dans un autre Etat membre pour assister à un procès.

Placer la personne au cœur de la construction de l'espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice signifie donc penser en permanence le développement de cet espace par rapport aux besoins concrets des citoyens. C'est pourquoi, à l'occasion de chacune de ses propositions, la Commission procède à une large consultation du public et des parties intéressées. Cela a été le cas du programme de Stockholm. Mais nous devons aller au-delà. Il faut que l'Europe devienne plus accessible et plus compréhensible pour les citoyens, pour qu'émerge progressivement une véritable citoyenneté européenne

Le Traité de Lisbonne va nous offrir un nouvel outil, avec l'initiative citoyenne européenne. Cette novation permettra à un million de citoyens européens d'un nombre significatif d'Etats membres d'inviter la Commission à soumettre une proposition législative sur des questions qui pourraient nécessiter un acte de l'Union. La Commission va proposer le 11 novembre un Livre Vert pour la mise en œuvre de ce nouveau droit qui permettra aux citoyens de mieux s'impliquer dans la vie de l'Union.


5. Un des domaines qui touchent au plus près les citoyens européens est probablement celui du droit de la famille, les questions relatives au mariage, au divorce ou à la garde des enfants au sein de couples transnationaux. Quel est le rôle de la coopération entre les Etats membres en la matière ?

Effectivement, les questions de droit de la famille en Europe se posent avec une acuité de plus en plus grande. On estime par exemple que chaque année sont prononcés environ 350 000 "mariages internationaux" dans l'Union, mais aussi malheureusement 170 000 "divorces internationaux", pour 875 000 divorces annuels dans l'Union européenne.

Ce sujet exige de toute évidence un renforcement de la coopération entre les Etats membres car, comme pour les testaments, les litiges liés à la loi applicable et aux tribunaux compétents entraînent des conflits douloureux. Nous avons réfléchi à la proposition d'une coopération renforcée sur ce dossier des divorces transfrontaliers. Certains Etats membres, dont la France, poussent pour aller de l'avant. Mais le clivage est à ce stade trop fort parmi les 27 pour risquer une fracture européenne sur un sujet de société aussi sensible. Cela étant, il faut poursuivre la réflexion en 2010 sur ce sujet majeur. Et il est aussi très important de développer la médiation, en s'appuyant sur la directive adoptée en mai 2008.

Au-delà de l'action législative, il est également important de renforcer les outils de la coopération sur le terrain. Par exemple, il existe depuis plusieurs années un réseau judiciaire civil qui rassemble des points de contact européens. C'est un bon système, qui permet aux autorités judiciaires de communiquer plus facilement et directement entre elles pour plus d'efficacité.


6. Quels sont à votre avis les instruments à privilégier dans la construction d'un espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice? L'harmonisation et la réglementation au niveau européen, ou plutôt une approche plus pragmatique, misant sur le principe de confiance, les coopérations transfrontalières et les projets pilote ?

L'espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice est devenu en 10 ans un des chantiers les plus prometteurs de la construction européenne. Le Traité de Lisbonne va en être un puissant accélérateur.

Faire progresser cet édifice exige de mobiliser des outils de nature diverse. Bien sûr, il ne faut pas hésiter à légiférer lorsque c'est nécessaire. Je prends pour exemple l'ensemble des propositions sur la politique européenne de l'asile que j'ai présentées successivement en décembre 2008, en février et en octobre 2009. L'urgence de l'amélioration du droit d'asile en Europe impose l'initiative législative.

Mais le succès des propositions législatives repose aussi sur un degré étroit de confiance mutuelle entre les Etats membres. C'est cette confiance qu'il nous faut renforcer. Elle se construit à partir d'expériences communes et du sentiment d'appartenir à une même communauté. C'est la raison pour laquelle les propositions de la Commission pour le programme de Stockholm mettent l'accent sur la formation, qu'il s'agisse des policiers, des magistrats, des gardes-frontière et des autorités compétentes en matière d'immigration et d'asile. Il faut aussi doter les professionnels des outils pratiques permettant d'inscrire leur action dans un contexte européen. Par exemple, nous devons continuer à promouvoir la mise en place des outils électroniques qui peuvent contribuer à améliorer la qualité des échanges d'information entre autorités nationales (SIS, VIS, e-justice...).

Et, comme vous le soulignez justement, il ne faut pas hésiter à lancer des projets pilotes, qui pourront ensuite se développer au niveau européen. N'oublions pas que cela a été le cas des accords de Schengen ou des accords de Prüm pour l'échange d'informations entre policiers. Le projet pilote de réinstallation interne des réfugiés présents à Malte, véritable test de la solidarité européenne, en est un nouvel exemple.

C'est assurément en combinant l'initiative législative, la confiance mutuelle, le rapprochement des hommes et des méthodes et les différents niveaux d'action régional, national et européen que nous pourrons progresser dans ce nouvel horizon de l'intégration européenne qu'est l'espace de justice, de liberté et de sécurité!



Publishing Director: Pascale JOANNIN

The Robert Schuman Foundation, created in 1991 and acknowledged by State decree in 1992, is the main French research centre on Europe. It develops research on the European Union and its policies and promotes the content of these in France , Europe and abroad. It encourages, enriches and stimulates European debate thanks to its research, publications and the organisation of conferences. The Foundation is presided over by Mr. Jean-Dominique Giuliani.

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France
President of the French Republic, Nicolas Sarkozy undertook a visit to Andorra on 28th July of which the French heads of state have been joint...
Estonia
Financial Crisis
The Estonian government has raised its GDP growth forecasts for 2010. The country is again experiencing growth after years of recession. The Finance...
EBRD
Luxembourg
On 30th August Luxembourg Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker was host to Thomas Mirow, Chair of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development...
ITER
Agreement
At an extraordinary meeting at Cadarache on 27th and 28th July the seven project partners of the Iter project (European Community of Atomic...
Elections/Latvia
Foundation
On 2nd October next the Latvians are being called to vote to renew the 100 members of the Saiema (Parliament) elected for four years by proportional...
Germany
Financial Crisis
On 1st September the German government adopted an austerity plan to save 80 billion euros by 2014. In 2011 alone the amount of savings will total...
Government
Belgium
Whilst Belgium is still trying to form a new government after the general elections on 13th June last and whilst it has been ensuring the rotating...
Carbon Tax
Eurobarometer
An survey undertaken by Eurobarometer and published on 29th July shows that Europeans do not support the idea of a special tax on products that are...
Division
Belgium
Belgium is more divided than ever over the failure of the attempt to form a government led by Elio di Rupo (PS) - this is the latest episode in the...
Inflation
Eurostat
The annual inflation rate in the euro area rose to 1.7% in July 2010. It increased by 0.3% in comparison with the month of June according to figures...
Bluefin Tuna
Commission
EU scientists have succeeded as part of the third year of work of the SELFDOTT project, research funded by the European Union, to the tune of 2.98...
Germany
Czech Republic
Czech Prime Minister, Petr Necas made his first official visit to Germany on 19th August where he notably spoke with German Chancellor Angela Merkel....
Parties
Publications
The Austrian Institute for European Policy and Security (AIES) has published a book by Dr Stefan Zotti on the political parties on a European level...
Albania
Publications
A book on the political transition of Albania during the period following the collapse of communism (1991) to the present has just been published by...
Growth
Eurostat
The euro area and EU GDP witnessed growth of 1% in the 2nd quarter of 2010 according to estimates by Eurostat published on 13th August. This is a...
Greece
Financial Crisis
On 5th August Greece successfully passed the first control of its accounts by the EU and the IMF three months after starting application of an...
Visit/Brussels
Poland
The President of Poland, Bronislaw Komorowski travelled to Brussels on 1st September where he first met with the President of the Commission José...
Unemployment
Germany
The Federal Employment Agency announced on 31st August that the gross unemployment rate remained unchanged stabilising at 7.6% and that the number of...
Appointment
NATO
The Chief of Staff of the French Army, Stéphane Abrial was appointed "Supreme Allied Commander for the Transformation" of NATO on 29th July. This...
Immigration
Italy
On 30th August on the occasion of the celebration of the second anniversary of the Italian-Libyan Treaty, Libyan President Muammar Gaddafi asked for...
Investiture
Poland
Bronislaw Komorowski took office as President of the Republic of Poland on 6th August after being sworn in before the two chambers of the Polish...
Anti-Corruption
UN
On 2nd September the International Anti-Corruption Academy was inaugurated in Vienna by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon. The IACA will train...
Growth
Eurostat
According to the first estimates published by Eurostat on 2nd September the GDP in the euro area and the EU increased by 1% in comparison with the...
France
Unemployment
The Employment, Solidarity and the Civil Service Ministry has just published the latest unemployment figures for June 2010. The number of category A...
France
Poland
After his visit to Brussels Polish President Bronislaw Komorowski travelled to Paris on 2nd September. After an interview with his French counterpart...
Reshuffle
Romania
Romanian Prime Minister Emil Boc undertook a government reshuffle on 2nd September, one of the most important since the country became democratic...
Mostra/ Venice
Culture
The 67th edition of the Mostra of Venice will take place from 1st to 11th September at the Lido in Venice. More than 80 films will be presented this...
Germany
Slovakia
On 25th August German Chancellor Angela Merkel was host to Slovakian Prime Minister Iveta Radicova in Berlin. During a joint press conference Ms...
Roma
France
French Foreign and European Affairs Minister Bernard Kouchner spoke on the telephone on 31st August with Romanian Foreign Minister Teodor Baconschi....
Coalition?
Netherlands
Discussions over the formation of a minority rightwing coalition between the Liberals of the VVD which won the general elections in June by a narrow...
France
Nuclear
After a meeting at the Elysée on 27th July with the Nuclear Policy Council which aimed to look into the report written by former EDF chair,...
Nuclear
Studies/Reports
After a meeting at the Elysee on 27th July with the Nuclear Policy Council that aimed to look into the report written by former EDF CEO François...
Germany
Ukraine
During his first official visit to Germany since his election Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovich met German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Federal...
UK
Retirement
On 29th July the British government announced a project to abolish the automatic age of retirement of 65 within one year's time. This project aims to...
Germany
Turkey
In an interview in the Bild Zeitung published on 27th July Guido Westerwelle, the German Foreign Minister said that Turkey was not ready to enter the...
Near East
Council
The head of European diplomacy Catherine Ashton called on 2nd September for "all parties involved" to abstain from any type of "provocation that...
UK
Turkey
Visiting Turkey on 27th July British Prime Minister David Cameron said that he would fight for Turkey to be able to join the European Union. He...
Unemployment
France
According to the latest figures published on 25th August by the Labour, Solidarity and Civil Service Ministry the number of those looking for work...
NATO
Denmark
NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen went to Denmark on 31st August where he notably met with Queen Margarethe II of Denmark, Danish Prime...
Exhibition/Münster
Culture
The Pablo Picasso graphic museum in Münster, Germany is putting on a special exhibition entitled "Pablo Picasso - in the artist's workshop" until...
Diplomacy
France
French President Nicolas Sarkozy gave a speech on 25th August as part of the 18th Conference of Ambassadors in which he set out the priorities for...
France
Financial Crisis
According to statistics published by INSEE on 2nd September the unemployment rate decreased to 9.3% in the second quarter in mainland France after...
Deficit
Greece
The Greek Finance Minister announced on 10th August that Greece had reduced its budgetary deficit by 39.7% between January and July 2010 which is...
Inflation
Eurostat
According to an estimate published on 31st August by Eurostat inflation in the euro area in August 2010 rose to 1.6% - which is down in comparison...
Georgia
Council
European Foreign Ministers decided on 26th July to extend the surveillance mission in Georgia (EUMM) by one year until September 2011. The EUMM...
Near East
Council
The Union's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and the Security Policy, Catherine Ashton declared on 20th August that the Union was encouraging...
Switzerland
Financial Crisis
The Swiss economy grew by 1% in the first quarter in comparison with the previous one, ie twice that of the first government assessment that was...
Discrimination/Roma
Parliament
On 2nd September the President of the European Parliament Jerzy Buzek announced that the situation of the Roma in Europe would be the focus of debate...
Hungary
Financial Crisis
Hungary will be ready to take up discussions with the IMF in the autumn after these were broken off in July said the Economy Ministry on 25th August...
ECB
Financial Crisis
On 5th August the ECB's Governing Council decided that key interest rates, main refinancing operations as well as those involving the marginal loan...
EU/USA
Presidency
In a press release on 17th August the President of the European Council Herman van Rompuy and the President of the European Commission, José Manuel ...
Exhibition/Bonn
Culture
The Federal Republic of Germany's National Centre for Art and Exhibitions is putting on an exhibition entiled "Afghanistan. Saved Treasure". The 230...
Latvia
IMF
The IMF estimated on 12th August that many obstacles remained before Latvia could adopt the euro. The country experienced its worst ever recession in...
Georgia
Council
The 27 European Foreign Ministers decided on 26th July to extend the surveillance mission in Georgia by one year (EUMM) until September 2011. The...
Climate
Germany
On 31st August the French, British, German Envrionment and Energy Ministers, Jean-Louis Borloo, Norbert Röttgen and Chris Huhne met in Berlin to...
Iceland
Membership
On 27th July the first intergovernmental conference on Iceland’s membership of the EU was held in Brussels. Although Iceland abides by nearly ¾ of...
Biennale/Venice
Culture
The 12th Architecture Biennale of Venice opened its doors to the public on 29th August proposing up to 21st November a series of national pavilions...
Balkans
Germany
German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle set off on a tour of the Balkans starting with Croatia on 25th August where he met President Ivo...
Referendum/Turkey
Foundation
Turkey's present Constitution dates back to 1982 and no longer corresponds in the opinion of the Turkish political classes with international...
Diplomacy
Council
The 27 European Foreign Ministers launched the Union's new diplomatic service on 26th July - this should enable the EU to speak with one voice in the...
External Service
Council
On 26th July European Foreign Ministers launched Union’s new diplomatic service which should enable it to speak with one voice on the international...
Anti-Corruption
Romania
On 24th August the Romanian Senate adopted a new version of the law on the Anti-Corruption Agency. The successful running of this agency, created in...
Constitutional Court
Belgium
The Constitutional Court of Belgium delivered a decision on 29th July which suspends the Flemish decree obliging French speaking primary schools in...
Citizens' Initiative
Studies/Reports
On 31st August the Bertelsmann Foundation published a study on the European Citizens' Initiative entitled "A Revolution in Disguise: The European...
Elections
Moldova
Together the four main opposition parties won the early general elections in Moldova with 50.7% of the vote and 53 MPs ahead of the Communist Party...

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