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Question d'Europe n 38
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11th September 2006

Growth Results in the European Union


Author : Jean-François Jamet : is an economist and former pupil of the Ecole Normale Supérieur and the University of Harvard. He teaches at Sciences Po.


« Si la croissance du PIB par habitant avait été la même en Allemagne, en France et en Italie qu'aux Etats-Unis depuis 1991, le PIB par habitant serait désormais plus élevé de 3841 euro en Allemagne, de 1805 euro en France et de 3665 euro en Italie ».

Résumé

Si l'Union européenne conserve un revenu par habitant enviable, ses performances de croissance au cours de la période récente ont été décevantes par comparaison à celles des Etats-Unis et des économies émergentes. En 2005, la croissance de l'Union européenne a été de trois points inférieure à la moyenne mondiale, loin derrière la Chine, les Etats-Unis et même le Japon qui a traversé des difficultés économiques importantes au cours de ces dernières années. Le faible dynamisme de l'économie des Vingt-cinq masque néanmoins une grande hétérogénéité de situations. Tandis que les économies allemande et italienne ont subi un grave ralentissement, les économies des nouveaux Etats membres connaissent une croissance très rapide. Cette situation favorise la convergence des niveaux de vie dans l'UE tandis que les pays qui avaient connu un boom économique dans l'après-guerre accumulent un nouveau retard face aux Etats-Unis, posant implicitement la question des conditions d'un nouveau rattrapage.

Mots clefs :
Union européenne – croissance - PIB


Les graphiques 1 et 2 permettent de se faire une idée statique du niveau de la performance économique des différents pays considérés au travers de leur productivité, c'est-à-dire du PIB (produit intérieur brut) par habitant en 2005. Cet indicateur donne également une assez bonne idée du niveau de vie moyen. Il ressort du graphique 1 que l'Union européenne (UE25) conserve un niveau de performance enviable, très supérieur à celui de pays émergents comme la Chine ou l'Inde, mais néanmoins inférieur de 36% à celui des Etats-Unis.




Le graphique 2 montre, de son côté, l'hétérogénéité du niveau de performance économique au sein de l'Union européenne. Les nouveaux Etats membres, ainsi que le Portugal et la Grèce, accusent un retard important sur la moyenne de l'UE, tandis que les autres pays, à l'exception de l'Espagne, affichent des résultats comparables à ceux du Japon. L'Irlande atteint même un niveau proche de celui des Etats-Unis.




Les graphiques suivants permettent de s'intéresser aux performances de croissance de l'Union européenne et de les mettre en perspective dans le contexte international. Ils permettent donc de mesurer et de comparer le dynamisme économique des pays considérés.

Le graphique 3 montre ainsi qu'au cours des dix dernières années le taux de croissance moyen de l'économie chinoise a été de 9 % et celui de l'économie mondiale de près de 4%, tandis que le taux de croissance dans l'Union européenne s'est établi à 2,37% en moyenne sur cette période. Parmi les pays examinés, seuls le Japon et le Brésil font moins bien.




Au sein de l'Union européenne, les performances de croissance ont été très variables au cours des dix dernières années, ce que met bien en évidence le graphique 4. Avec une croissance proche de 1,3%, l'Allemagne et l'Italie se situent bien en deçà des performances des autres pays et tirent la moyenne de l'Union vers le bas du fait de leur poids dans l'économie européenne. Les nouveaux Etats membres ont, au contraire, connu une croissance rapide. Il convient aussi de souligner la performance de l'Irlande qui a connu la croissance la plus forte au sein de l'UE.




Les données sur la croissance en 2005, présentées dans les graphiques 5 et 6, s'inscrivent dans la continuité des précédentes tout en accentuant les contrastes. L'UE et la zone euro apparaissent ainsi en dernières positions dans la comparaison avec les autres grandes puissances économiques. Avec 1,8% de croissance, l'UE voit l'écart s'accentuer avec les Etats-Unis (3,5%) ou encore la Russie (6,4%). Elle fait aussi moins bien que le Japon et le Brésil. L'UE apparaît ici à l'écart du dynamisme de l'économie mondiale.




Au sein de l'UE, les contrastes se sont également accentués en 2005. Les économies italienne et portugaise stagnent littéralement, tandis que l'Allemagne, la France, la Belgique et les Pays-Bas font à peine mieux. Au contraire, d'autres économies affichent des résultats flatteurs : c'est le cas des pays scandinaves, de l'Espagne, de la Grèce et surtout des pays baltes.




Le graphique 7 permet de remettre en perspective les performances de l'économie européenne dans une durée plus longue. Il met en évidence que le rattrapage qu'ont connu les grands pays d'Europe occidentale (à l'exception du Royaume-Uni) vis-à-vis des Etats-Unis en matière de productivité et de niveau de vie s'est interrompu dans les années 1980. Entre 1992 et 2005, c'est même le phénomène contraire qui s'est produit pour l'Allemagne, la France et l'Italie (ainsi que le Japon), leur situation se détériorant nettement en termes relatifs. Concrètement, si la croissance du PIB par habitant avait été la même dans ces pays qu'aux Etats-Unis depuis 1991, le PIB par habitant serait aujourd'hui plus élevé de 3841 euro en Allemagne, de 1805 euro en France et de 3665 euro en Italie [1]. L'Espagne et l'Irlande ont, au contraire, continué leur rattrapage dans les années 1990, tandis que le Royaume-Uni a réussi à inverser une tendance qui lui était auparavant défavorable et à améliorer ses performances par comparaison aux Etats-Unis.




Les perspectives de croissance de l'économie européenne laissent espérer une amélioration pour 2006. La Commission européenne a ainsi relevé sa prévision pour la zone euro à 2,5% et à 2,7% pour l'UE25. Ces chiffres restent inférieurs aux prévisions de croissance pour les Etats-Unis (3,6%) mais l'écart se réduit.

Cette note a été préparée et rédigée par Jean-François Jamet, ancien élève de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (Ulm) et de l'Université de Harvard

[1] Calculs de l'auteur sur des données provenant d'Eurostat et du FMI. Les valeurs sont exprimées à parité de pouvoir d'achat.



Publishing Director: Pascale JOANNIN

The Robert Schuman Foundation, created in 1991 and acknowledged by State decree in 1992, is the main French research centre on Europe. It develops research on the European Union and its policies and promotes the content of these in France , Europe and abroad. It encourages, enriches and stimulates European debate thanks to its research, publications and the organisation of conferences. The Foundation is presided over by Mr. Jean-Dominique Giuliani.

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