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Question d'Europe n 42
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23rd October 2006

The European Union and Immigration


Author : Jean-François Jamet : is an economist and former pupil of the Ecole Normale Supérieur and the University of Harvard. He teaches at Sciences Po.


Les statistiques remettent en cause l'idée d'une Europe forteresse. L'Union européenne reste la région du monde qui accueille le plus grand nombre d'immigrés et de demandeurs d'asile. Dans un contexte de ralentissement de l'accroissement naturel et de vieillissement de la population, l'immigration est devenue le principal moteur de la croissance démographique dans l'Union.

Résumé

En 2005, le monde comptait 191 millions d'immigrés. 21% d'entre eux, soit près de 41 millions de personnes, résidaient dans l'Union européenne. La population immigrée représente ainsi 8,6 % de la population communautaire et l'accueil d'immigrés est devenu le principal moteur de la croissance démographique en Europe. Seul un petit nombre des Etats membres a encore un solde migratoire négatif : l'Estonie, la Lituanie, la Lettonie et la Pologne. Certains pays, qui comptaient parmi les principaux pays d'émigration dans le monde au cours des années 1950 (l'Espagne et l'Italie en particulier), figurent désormais parmi les principaux pays d'immigration des années 1990 et 2000. L'Union européenne reste aussi de loin la destination principale des demandeurs d'asile, que ceux-ci viennent de pays voisins (Russie, Serbie, Turquie) ou de pays connaissant des troubles politiques majeurs. En revanche, une moindre proportion des immigrés qu'elle accueille a fait des études supérieures par rapport aux Etats-Unis, ce qui signale une fragilité possible dans la compétition pour l'accueil de travailleurs qualifiés. Les chiffres présentés remettent en cause l'idée d'une Europe forteresse dans un contexte de vieillissement de la population et de faible dynamisme des naissances qui donne à l'immigration un rôle déterminant dans la croissance démographique actuelle et future de l'Union européenne.

Mots clefs :
Union européenne – immigration - asile


La croissance démographique de l'Union européenne a fortement ralenti de 1960 à la fin des années 1980 : la croissance annuelle de la population a été divisée par trois en valeur absolue dans cet intervalle. Au cours de cette période, le solde migratoire [1] est resté légèrement positif, voire négatif certaines années : la croissance de la population de l'UE était essentiellement liée à l'accroissement naturel de la population. Depuis la fin des années 1980, le solde migratoire est, en revanche, devenu le premier moteur de la croissance démographique en Europe, contribuant même à un fort redressement de la croissance de la population de l'UE. En 2004, le solde migratoire était quatre fois plus important que l'accroissement naturel de la population. Le graphique 1 permet de visualiser ce retournement : il distingue dans la croissance totale de la population de l'UE la part respective de l'accroissement naturel [2] et du solde migratoire pour la période 1960-2004.




Le solde migratoire de l'UE s'est accru au point d'être supérieur à celui des Etats-Unis en moyenne annuelle entre 2000 et 2005, tandis que l'Inde et la Chine présentaient un solde négatif au cours de cette période (cf. graphique 2).




Si le solde migratoire de l'UE s'est fortement accru en valeur absolue, il reste proportionnellement plus faible (2,6 pour mille habitants en moyenne annuelle entre 2000 et 2005) qu'aux Etats-Unis (4) ou au Canada (6,7). Les situations varient également fortement entre Etats membres, comme en témoigne le graphique 3. L'Estonie, la Lettonie, la Lituanie et la Pologne comptent plus d'émigrants que d'immigrés [3], tandis que le taux de solde migratoire moyen entre 2000 et 2005 dépasse 9 pour mille en Espagne et en Irlande.




Certains Etats membres ont connu un retournement complet de situation entre les années 1950 et les années 1990 (cf. tableau 4). L'Italie, l'Espagne et le Royaume-Uni figuraient parmi les principaux pays d'émigration, ils sont désormais parmi les pays qui ont le solde migratoire le plus élevé dans le monde. L'ampleur de ce retournement est particulièrement frappante et a sans aucun doute représenté un choc culturel pour ces pays.




La population immigrée représente une fraction plus faible de la population totale dans l'UE (8,6%) qu'aux Etats-Unis (12,9%). Au sein de l'UE, les situations divergent fortement entre les Etats membres ainsi que le souligne le graphique 4. En particulier, la plupart des pays d'Europe centrale comptent une population d'immigrés relativement réduite.




L'Union européenne compte désormais plus d'immigrés (41 millions) que les Etats-Unis (38 millions). Le graphique 5 présente l'évolution de la population immigrée dans les pays les plus peuplés de l'Union européenne entre 1960 et 2005. En 2005, l'Allemagne est l'Etat membre qui compte le plus d'immigrés (10 millions), devant la France (6,5), le Royaume-Uni (5,4) et l'Espagne (4,8).




L'Union européenne demeure la principale destination des demandeurs d'asile (graphique 7). Elle réunit à elle seule plus de la moitié des demandes d'asile déposées dans le monde, soit près de 9 fois plus que les Etat-Unis. Cependant, seule une demande sur cinq est acceptée. Parmi les Etats-membres, la France et le Royaume-Uni restent les principales destinations des demandeurs d'asile.




Les principaux pays d'origine des demandeurs d'asile dans l'Union européenne sont présentés dans le graphique 8. Ce sont soit des pays voisins (Russie, Serbie, Turquie), soit des pays connaissant des troubles politiques graves (Afghanistan, Irak).




Les immigrés accueillis par l'UE sont moins nombreux en proportion à avoir fait des études supérieures que ceux accueillis par les Etats-Unis ou le Canada (cf. graphique 9). Au sein de l'UE, l'Irlande et le Royaume-Uni se distinguent en accueillant une plus grande proportion d'immigrés très qualifiés. Cette situation est à rapprocher des différentes stratégies de sélection des immigrés mises en place par ces Etats dans le contexte de la compétition pour les travailleurs hautement qualifiés.




Les statistiques présentées dans cette note remettent en cause certaines idées reçues, en particulier, celle d'une Europe forteresse. L'Union européenne reste la région du monde qui accueille le plus grand nombre d'immigrés et de demandeurs d'asile. Certains pays ont même connu un retournement en devenant des pays d'immigration après avoir été pendant longtemps des pays d'émigration. Il est probable que les pays d'Europe centrale connaîtront la même évolution, d'autant que le différentiel de revenu est important avec les pays voisins et que la Russie est le premier pays d'origine des demandeurs d'asile dans l'UE. Pour les pays européens du pourtour méditerranéen, la pression migratoire continuera à être importante du fait de la forte croissance de la population dans les pays voisins et sur le continent africain.

En même temps, l'immigration est de plus en plus déterminante pour l'évolution de la démographie européenne dans un contexte de ralentissement de l'accroissement naturel et de vieillissement de la population. Elle est également au cœur de la compétition pour les travailleurs très qualifiés. Tout cela en fait un enjeu de premier plan pour l'Union européenne qui rend nécessaire la définition d'orientations prenant en compte la diversité des situations dans les Etats membres et l'importance croissante de la population immigrée en Europe.

[1] Le solde migratoire est la différence entre le flux d'immigrés et le flux d'émigrants au cours d'une année. Il est estimé en calculant la différence entre l'accroissement total de la population et l'accroissement naturel de celle-ci (i.e. les décès moins les naissances).

[2] L'accroissement naturel de la population est la différence entre le nombre de naissance et le nombre de décès au cours d'une année donnée

[3] Un immigré est une personne née de nationalité étrangère à l'étranger. Certains immigrés ont pris la nationalité du pays d'accueil, d'autres ont conservé leur nationalité d'origine. Il importe donc de bien distinguer population immigrée et population étrangère, qui ne se recouvrent pas nécessairement.



Publishing Director: Pascale JOANNIN

The Robert Schuman Foundation, created in 1991 and acknowledged by State decree in 1992, is the main French research centre on Europe. It develops research on the European Union and its policies and promotes the content of these in France , Europe and abroad. It encourages, enriches and stimulates European debate thanks to its research, publications and the organisation of conferences. The Foundation is presided over by Mr. Jean-Dominique Giuliani.

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