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Supplément à la Lettre n 207
18th April 2005

La Constitution européenne au service de nos territoires


Author : Frédéric de Saint Sernin


« Ce que Paris commence, l'Europe le continue » disait Victor Hugo il y a un siècle et demi. Pour nos esprits d'aujourd'hui, cette parole a peut-être une résonance cocardière. Nous serions en effet bien présomptueux de croire que nos politiques ont toujours servi de modèles pour nos voisins du vieux continent. Et pourtant, s'il y a un domaine où la France a joué un rôle d'éclaireur, c'est bien l'aménagement du territoire. Au lendemain de la Seconde guerre mondiale, notre pays s'est donné l'ambition d'équilibrer le développement de ses régions, de désenclaver les territoires les plus isolés et les moins pourvus en infrastructures.

Plus de cinquante ans ont passé et cette politique n'a rien perdu de sa raison d'être. Désormais, l'aménagement du territoire ne vise plus simplement à contrebalancer le poids de la capitale, mais à moderniser chaque région française pour lui donner toutes les chances d'affronter une concurrence désormais mondiale. Tous nos voisins européens, ou peu s'en faut, ont repris à leur compte cette exigence. Cependant, face à un marché de plus en plus unifié, devenu le cadre naturel de l'expansion économique de tous les Etats de l'Union, une véritable politique d'aménagement du territoire à l'échelle européenne s'impose aujourd'hui.

Grâce aux politiques de développement financées par les fonds structurels de l'Union, des progrès considérables ont été obtenus. Le formidable essor économique de l'Italie, de l'Irlande puis de l'Espagne et du Portugal en témoigne. D'innombrables projets en matière de transports, d'infrastructures et de soutien à l'activité économique ont permis à ces pays de rattraper une grande part de leur retard. Mais n'oublions pas que les aides européennes ont également profité à la France. Nos territoires les plus fragiles, aussi bien les territoires ruraux que les régions les plus exposées aux mutations de notre économie, ont, eux aussi, largement bénéficié des politiques européennes de développement. Depuis 1989, plus de 35 milliards d'euros de fonds européens ont ainsi profité à nos territoires !

Cette politique ambitieuse est appelée à connaître un renouveau dans le cadre d'une Union à 25. L'Europe élargie présente en effet une grande diversité territoriale et culturelle. Elle donne à notre continent un immense potentiel qu'il s'agit de valoriser car un grand nombre de défis territoriaux doivent être relevés : vieillissement de la population et immigration, disparités socio-économiques régionales, problèmes spécifiques aux zones urbaines et rurales, engorgement des routes, inégalités de développement des réseaux de téléphonie mobile et d'Internet haut débit, respect de l'environnement… Tous ces défis requièrent désormais une réponse commune à l'échelle européenne. Le texte du traité constitutionnel qui sera soumis le 29 mai à l'approbation des Français, offre un cadre institutionnel adapté à cette nouvelle donne.

Que dit ce texte ? Pour la première fois, la cohésion économique, sociale et territoriale devient un objectif essentiel de l'Union européenne (article I-3). Mieux : chaque politique de l'Union européenne devra désormais reposer sur cette triple exigence. En clair, cela signifie que la lutte contre les inégalités de développement entre les territoires de l'Union est appelée à devenir une exigence constante. Chaque politique de développement se devra d'en tenir compte. En soutenant l'activité des territoires les plus déshérités, en finançant les infrastructures destinées à résorber les obstacles naturels, en recherchant un développement harmonieux et homogène de l'ensemble du territoire de l'Union, la cohésion territoriale reprend à l'échelle de l'Europe une exigence née en France, à l'origine de notre propre politique d'aménagement du territoire. Cette cohésion territoriale correspond en effet au principe d'équité entre les citoyens, quel que soit le lieu où ils vivent, ce qui implique des mesures visant à instaurer une égalité de traitement entre les territoires de l'Union, en tenant compte notamment de la diversité de leurs situations géographique et démographique.

Au-delà de l'impact politique de cette cohésion territoriale j'ai pu constater, en me rendant dans plusieurs pays ayant récemment intégré l'Union européenne, combien la recherche de cette cohésion est aussi au cœur de la coopération qui se développe entre les régions de l'Union européenne. La coopération interrégionale vise en effet à favoriser un développement territorial de proximité, à mettre en réseau les acteurs de ce développement à travers l'ensemble de l'Union. Elle facilite le rapprochement des populations, des économies et des cultures en permettant d'identifier des intérêts partagés et de bâtir des stratégies communes de développement territoriales.

Mais le traité constitutionnel ne se contente pas de formaliser cet objectif de cohésion territoriale ; il prévoit également d'en accroître les instruments et les moyens en renforçant l'aide aux régions, notamment insulaires, transfrontalières et de montagne, et en autorisant les aides d'Etat pour favoriser le développement des régions dites « ultrapériphériques », notamment les départements d'Outre-mer français.

Le traité stipule également que des moyens financiers seront consacrés à cette politique de cohésion territoriale, notamment au travers du fonds européen de développement régional (FEDER). Autre élément important : pour mesurer l'impact de ces politiques communautaires sur la cohésion territoriale de l'Union, un rapport sera rédigé tous les trois ans. Il devra rendre compte des avancées concrètes en matière de développement régional et évaluer objectivement les obstacles qui persistent.

La Constitution européenne nous permet d'accomplir de grands progrès sur le chemin d'une Europe plus démocratique, plus solidaire et plus forte pour affronter la mondialisation et préserver notre modèle de civilisation. Aussi, pour construire ce socle de cohérence et de stabilité dont l'Union européenne a besoin, la politique européenne de cohésion territoriale est-elle appelée à jouer un rôle essentiel. En reconnaissant pour la première fois l'importance de cette politique et en définissant ses grands objectifs, la Constitution européenne consacre finalement toute la légitimité d'une politique dont les Français ont bel et bien été les précurseurs. Une bonne raison, parmi d'autres, de dire : « Ce que la France commence, la Constitution européenne le continue. »



Publishing Director: Pascale JOANNIN

The Robert Schuman Foundation, created in 1991 and acknowledged by State decree in 1992, is the main French research centre on Europe. It develops research on the European Union and its policies and promotes the content of these in France , Europe and abroad. It encourages, enriches and stimulates European debate thanks to its research, publications and the organisation of conferences. The Foundation is presided over by Mr. Jean-Dominique Giuliani.

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