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Synthèse n 18
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22nd October 2001

Taxe Tobin : Des intentions aux réalités




La taxe Tobin a fait l'objet d'un débat nourri ces derniers mois. De façon plus générale, les conséquences de la mondialisation et les solutions qu'elles appellent sont désormais au cœur des campagnes électorales que notre Pays et l'Union européenne vont connaître ces prochains mois et prochaines années.

La mondialisation, qui est le plus souvent chargée de tous les maux, constitue pourtant un phénomène positif pour l'ensemble de l'économie mondiale et, en particulier, pour les pays industrialisés comme la France. Elle est un gage de prospérité et de paix. L'ouverture de l'économie s'étend désormais aux marchés financiers ; les flux de capitaux vers les pays en voie de développement ( PVD ) ont permis de financer l'essor de la production de ces pays, et par là même de soutenir la demande des produits exportés par le monde industrialisé. Mais il est vrai que tous les PVD n'ont pas su profiter de la mondialisation pour accélérer leur progrès économique. Facteur aggravant, les pays industrialisés, dans l'octroi des aides publiques au développement et dans leurs investissements, ont tendance à aider en priorité ceux des PVD qui obtiennent les meilleurs résultats économiques. On peut donc craindre que le fossé ne se creuse encore entre les pays qui sauront profiter de la mondialisation et ceux qui seront frappés de marginalisation, avec tous les risques que cela comporte pour le bon fonctionnement des marchés financiers et un équilibre géopolitique mondial déjà précaire. La communauté internationale ne peut pas évidemment se résigner à une telle situation.

Parmi les solutions avancées çà et là figure la Taxe Tobin, sensée à la fois répondre aux besoins financiers des pays les plus pauvres et lutter contre la spéculation financière.

Qu'en est-il exactement de cette taxe Tobin?

C'est James Tobin, prix Nobel d'économie ( 1981 ) et ancien conseiller du Président John Kennedy, qui a imaginé en 1972 une taxe universelle sur les mouvements de capitaux.

A cette époque, après l'abandon par les Etats-Unis du système des changes fixes, le système monétaire international est en crise. Tobin propose alors la création d'un prélèvement sur les mouvements de capitaux à court terme.

Dans sa conception initiale, cette taxe poursuivait deux objectifs :

- limiter la spéculation à court terme,
- créer des ressources propres à destination des institutions internationales.


1 - Une idée détournée de son objectif d'origine et qui suscite un engouement au-delà des clivages politiques traditionnels:

1-1 Une des principales revendications du mouvement anti-mondialisation:

Le mouvement anti-mondialisation (dont le principal acteur est l'association ATTAC-Association pour la taxation des transactions financières-) détourne à son profit l'idée du Professeur Tobin. Chaque jour, d'après le Financial Times, les transactions sur les marchés des capitaux à court terme représentent environ 1 800 milliards de dollars. Selon les calculs d'ATTAC, une taxation de 0,1 % des opérations de change procurerait 166 milliards de dollars chaque année. ATTAC propose de consacrer ces recettes à l'aide au développement, ce que ne prévoyait pas le Professeur Tobin. Les besoins du Tiers-Monde n'ont, en effet, jamais été aussi importants (rappelons que l'aide moyenne accordée à l'Afrique est tombée de 36 dollars par personne en 1990 à 20 dollars actuellement).

Parallèlement, ATTAC envisage d'autres moyens que la taxe Tobin. En particulier, la création d'une taxe sur les investissements directs à l'étranger (IDE) : investissements dans les biens immobiliers, leurs équipements et les technologies qui leur sont associées. Selon les responsables du mouvement anti-mondialisation, une taxe sur les IDE devrait contrecarrer à la fois l'évasion fiscale entraînée par la mobilité des capitaux et l'érosion des droits fondamentaux des travailleurs dans les pays qui les accueillent. Elle serait applicable à tous les investissements directs, que ce soit dans les pays riches ou dans les pays pauvres.

Son taux serait indexé sur une « notation » attribuée par le Bureau International du Travail (BIT), qui prendrait en compte le respect des droits fondamentaux des travailleurs (droits syndicaux, travail des enfants etc.).

1-2 Un mouvement anti-mondialisation condamné par James Tobin lui-même:

James Tobin est sorti de sa retraite pour stigmatiser « les praticiens de la révolution contre la mondialisation » dans un article du Monde du 10 septembre dernier : « j'apprécie l'intérêt qu'on porte à mon idée », dit-il, « mais beaucoup de ces éloges ne viennent pas d'où il faut. Je suis économiste et, comme la plupart des économistes, je défends le libre-échange. De plus, je soutiens le Fonds monétaire international ( FMI ), la Banque Mondiale et l'Organisation mondiale du commerce ( OMC ), tout ce à quoi ces mouvements ( anti-mondialisation ) s'en prennent. » Et il ajoute : « j'estime être aujourd'hui mal compris. J'estime aussi qu'on s'est abusivement servi de mon nom pour des priorités qui ne sont pas les miennes. La taxe Tobin n'est en rien un tremplin pour les réformes dont ces gens veulent. » C'est ainsi que le Professeur Tobin a décliné récemment une invitation d'ATTAC à une réunion à Paris.

1-3 Une idée de taxe détournée à des fins politiques:

Créée en 1998, l'association ATTAC, qui compte environ 26 000 adhérents, exerce désormais une influence bien supérieure à son importance réelle. En France, elle a ainsi réussi à convertir à ses thèses une centaine de parlementaires membres, pour la plupart, du Parti communiste, des Verts et de la Gauche socialiste, des parlementaires qui déposent lors de chaque discussion à caractère budgétaire et fiscal des amendements en faveur de la Taxe Tobin.

Par ailleurs, certains dirigeants de l'opposition se disent à présent intéressés par la perspective de la taxe, en particulier François Bayrou et Philippe Seguin. Il en est de même au niveau du Gouvernement : Lionel Jospin a été le premier dirigeant politique français à exhumer la proposition de taxe au cours de la campagne présidentielle en 1995. Il entendait alors se démarquer de la politique économique menée par les socialistes jusqu'en 1993. Cette politique a conduit à la libéralisation définitive des transferts de capitaux et à la déréglementation de la bourse.

Pour le candidat aux présidentielles, il s'agissait alors de ré enraciner le PS à gauche. La taxe Tobin était sensée réduire l'influence des marchés financiers sur les politiques nationales et donc, par conséquent, de rétablir la souveraineté du peuple.

Mais, après la victoire de la gauche en 1997, le ministre des Finances Dominique Strauss-Kahn émet ses plus fortes réserves à l'égard de la taxe Tobin et le projet est donc provisoirement oublié. Il faudra attendre le 28 août dernier pour que Lionel Jospin se dise alors « de sensibilité proche » avec la taxe Tobin. Quant au chancelier allemand, Gerhard Schröder, il prône un débat européen sur le contrôle des flux financiers spéculatifs, tout en exprimant des "réserves sur le contenu et l'aspect juridique" d'un quelconque prélèvement. Un groupe de travail franco-allemand sur la globalisation animé par les ministères des Affaires étrangères est en cours de création.

2 - Une idée actuellement inapplicable:

La taxe Tobin paraît utopique dans le contexte actuel.

2-1 - La nécessité d'un accord de l'ensemble de la communauté internationale:

Pour être efficace, il faudrait que la taxe Tobin soit adoptée par l'ensemble de la communauté financière internationale, c'est à dire par 195 pays.

Or, nos principaux partenaires économiques (en premier lieu l'Allemagne) y sont a priori opposés. De même que les Etats-Unis jusqu'alors réticents vis à vis du "multilatéralisme", c'est à dire de tout renforcement des moyens d'action des institutions financières internationales.

D'autre part, les paradis fiscaux et autres centres off shore risquent fort de ne pas appliquer une telle taxe, d'où une évasion fiscale accrue à leur profit. Un contrôle de ces centres off shore est donc un préalable indispensable à la mise en place de toute taxation des transactions financières.


2-2 Une efficacité problématique face à d'éventuelles crises financières:

Comme l'a admis le professeur James Tobin, une taxe dont le taux est modeste (de 0,1 à 1 %) n'est pas à même de stopper des mouvements spéculatifs de grande ampleur sur le marché des changes. Pour cela, il faudrait qu'une institution internationale représentant l'ensemble des États ait le mandat d'augmenter autant que de besoin le taux de taxation. Or, aucune institution internationale, que ce soit la Banque mondiale ou le FMI, n'est actuellement en mesure de prendre de telles décisions.

Les conditions de faisabilité de la Taxe Tobin ne seront donc jamais réunies.

3 - Les autres solutions envisageables :

3-1 Face aux crises financières :

La mondialisation exige l'excellence des gestions de tous les pays. Ces derniers sont désormais tous plus ou moins « systémiques » : leur gestion bonne ou mauvaise influe sur la situation des autres pays. D'autre part, cette mondialisation rend nécessaire une coopération entre tous les centres de décision. Quant au FMI, son travail de surveillance a beaucoup évolué ces dernières années. A l'origine, il était centré sur les banques centrales, les grandes masses et la balance monétaire. Après la crise mexicaine, le FMI a obtenu un pouvoir de contrôle sur l'état de santé des systèmes bancaires. Avec la crise asiatique, son champ d'intervention a été étendu à l'ensemble des systèmes financiers. A présent, le FMI met en place des standards internationaux minimum poussant à plus de transparence des comptes publics et privés. Mais le FMI n'a pas de pouvoir régalien et doit agir par la persuasion, non par la réglementation. Pourtant, il faudrait faire en sorte que ces normes deviennent plus contraignantes.

Le contrôle des banques reste insuffisant et il est nécessaire de resserrer les standards. Les « systèmes » qui refusent de se soumettre aux règles imposées à tous doivent pouvoir être mis « hors la loi ».

3-2 Pour des ressources propres en faveur des organisations internationales :

L'ancien directeur général du FMI Michel Camdessus (comme d'autre part Laurent Fabius, ministre de l'Économie) propose une taxation des exportations d'armes. La faisabilité pratique d'une taxation des ventes d'armes est réelle puisque les trois principaux pays exportateurs d'armes (Etats-Unis, Grande-Bretagne et France) représentent à eux seuls plus de 70 % du marché mondial (90 % au niveau des pays du G8). En outre, depuis 1984, ces mêmes pays sont obligés de déclarer auprès des Nations Unies les ventes d'armes lourdes, ce qui constitue une garantie quant à une bonne rentabilité de la taxation.

3-3 L'amélioration de l'aide au développement:

Un autre objectif des promoteurs actuels de la Taxe Tobin ( mais pas de James Tobin lui-même ), l'augmentation de l'aide aux PVD, peut être atteint par d'autres voies. Malgré les difficultés économiques actuelles, les budgets d'aide du développement doivent être accrus dans le cadre d'un nouveau partenariat. C'est l'inspiration de la proposition remise par certains pays d'Afrique aux pays du G8, lors du récent sommet de Gênes. Quatre des pays les plus peuplés et représentatifs du continent (Afrique du Sud, Algérie, Nigeria et Sénégal) se sont engagés à changer leur politique intérieure dans quatre directions en cas d'augmentation de l'aide qui leur est allouée :

- la lutte contre la corruption,
- l'amélioration de la démocratie représentative ;
- l'ouverture de l'économie ;
- la liberté d'action des entreprises investissant dans les différents pays.


Il est clair que l'un des meilleurs moyens de réduire la pauvreté dans le Monde est de favoriser les échanges commerciaux. Pour les PVD, une libéralisation substantielle du commerce équivaut à des dizaines de milliards de dollars.

Enfin, le Tiers-Monde a besoin d'une meilleure intégration au niveau des marchés régionaux.

Pour cela sont nécessaires des mesures structurelles permettant d'améliorer la productivité et la capacité d'exportation des pays concernés (Ceci passe par une meilleure formation des hommes, une réforme de la fiscalité, la réorganisation des services publics et l'amélioration des systèmes juridiques).

Mais, avant tout, comme l'indiquait récemment James D. Wolfensohn, Président de la Banque Mondiale, dans les colonnes d'un grand journal du soir, il faut édifier un système d'échanges mondiaux équitable, maintenir la stabilité financière et protéger les ressources naturelles dont tant de pays pauvres dépendent pour survivre. Autant de priorités qui doivent être traitées dans le cadre d'une gouvernance globale associant représentants des pays développés et sous-développés.



Publishing Director: Pascale JOANNIN

The Robert Schuman Foundation, created in 1991 and acknowledged by State decree in 1992, is the main French research centre on Europe. It develops research on the European Union and its policies and promotes the content of these in France , Europe and abroad. It encourages, enriches and stimulates European debate thanks to its research, publications and the organisation of conferences. The Foundation is presided over by Mr. Jean-Dominique Giuliani.

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ICTY
Serbia
In parallel to the visit of the head of Serb diplomacy to Brussels on 26th January, who hoped to make progress with regard to his country's accession...
President
European Council
Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council travelled to Poland, Luxembourg and the Czech Republic. On 26th January he spoke with Polish...
Election/Greece
Foundation
Carolos Papoulias was re-elected President of the Republic of Greece on 3rd February almost unanimously by the members of the Vouli, the only chamber...
Greece
Financial Crisis
During a speech to the nation on 2nd February Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou announced new measures to fight the crisis. Stressing that his...
Appointment
NATO
The Chief of Staff of the French Army, Stéphane Abrial was appointed "Supreme Allied Commander for the Transformation" of NATO on 29th July. This...
Germany
Financial Crisis
The German government has just raised its growth forecasts for 2010 to 1.4%; the GDP fell by 5% in 2009. According to Economy Minister Rainer...
Auschswitz
Poland
On 27th January former prisoners of Auschwitz-Birkenau and many personalities including Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu paid tribute to the...
SME
Germany
The German government has established a special microcredit fund of 100 million euros to help very small companies which banks refuse to make loans...
Exhibition/Denmark
Culture
The Art Museum, Louisiana in Humlebaek will be devoting an exhibition to colour until 13th June. This exhibition entitled "Colour in Art" presents...
Commission
Loans
The European Commission paid the second part of its loan to Latvia to a total of 1.2 billion euros on 27th July together with the first payment of...
Commission
Financial Crisis
On 28th January the European Commission published data for the month of January showing an improvement for the 10th consecutive month in the business...
Georgia/Russia
Studies/Reports
The Danish International Studies Institute has published research by Pertti Joenniemii entitled "The Georgian-Russian Conflict: a Turning Point?" The...
Moldova
Romania
Romanian President Traian Basescu, who visited Moldova on 27th and 28th January for the first time since the end of communist rule over this country,...
Unemployment
Spain
According to figures published on 2nd February by the public employment service Spain recorded an increase of 124,890 more unemployed in January 2010...
Spain
Financial Crisis
The Spanish economy continued to contract in the fourth quarter of 2009 maintaining the country in recession with a quarterly GDP decline of 0.1%...
Bank note/Chopin
Poland
The Polish Central Bank (NBP) announced on 4th February that on the occasion of the bicentenary of the composer's birth it was selling on-line from...
Space
Slovenia
The Slovenian Minister for Higher Education Gregor Golobic signed a participation agreement on 22nd January with regard to Slovenia in the European...
BERD
Bosnia-Herzegovina
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development granted a loan of 67 million euros to Bosnia-Herzegovina on 27th January to support its...
Carbon Tax
Eurobarometer
An survey undertaken by Eurobarometer and published on 29th July shows that Europeans do not support the idea of a special tax on products that are...
Agriculture
Foundation
Nicolas-Jean Bréhon, an agricultural economist, published an article in le Monde on 30th January entitled "The CAP is dead, long live the CAAP". He...
Pensions
Spain
On 3rd February the Spanish government delivered a corrected version of its stability programme 2009-2013 to the European Commission. The programme...

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