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Synthèse n 40
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15th April 2002

La démographie russe : Les chiffres du déclin


Author : Gaël Moullec


Prise en tenailles entre un taux de mortalité qui ne cesse de croître (14,7 ‰) et une natalité qui n'en finit pas de chuter (8,4 ‰), la Russie connaît, depuis les années 1990, un net déclin de sa population – passée de 147,8 millions en 1989 à 145 millions en 2001.

A terme, dès 2015, le nombre de jeunes entre 15 et 24 ans devrait être réduit de moitié [1].

Cette baisse démographique "menace la survie de la nation", avait averti le président russe en juillet 2000.

Aujourd'hui encore le problème reste entier.


I - La baisse de la population russe

A l'horizon 2050, selon le scénario le plus dramatique, la population du pays pourrait décroître de 47%, pour atteindre à cette date 77,2 millions d'individus.

Un scénario plus optimiste permettrait de limiter l'érosion démographique à une perte de 30%, laissant à la Russie une population de 101,9 millions d'habitant en 2050 [2].

Tableau N° 1 - Nombre de naissances et de Décès




Longtemps considérée par la population, comme par ses gouvernants comme un signe de puissance militaire et économique, la démographie russe - et sa faiblesse actuelle - constitue , pour l'opposition nationaliste et communiste, la preuve tangible de l'échec de la politique économique conduite depuis une dizaine d'années, d'abord par Boris Eltsine, puis par son héritier, Vladimir Poutine.

- Le déficit des naissances

Comme pour appuyer cette thèse, le facteur le plus important dans cette baisse de la population vient, en premier lieu de l'écroulement de la natalité. Ainsi, de 1987 à 1999, le nombre des naissances est passé, en Russie, de 2,5 millions par an à 1,2 million.

Notons toutefois que le taux de natalité a été, en Russie, en-dessous du taux de reproduction (2,1 enfants par femme) de 1963-1964 à 1984, puis de 1987-1988 [3] jusqu'à aujourd'hui.

Ainsi, sur près de 40 ans seules les premières années des réformes engagées par Mikhail, Gorbatchev (Perestroïka) ont eu des conséquences positives sur les naissances en faisant passer le taux de fertilité au-dessus du taux de reproduction.

Tableau N° 2 - Nombre d'enfants par femme




Sources : G. Vishnevsky "Family, Fertility, and Demographic Dynamics in Russia. Analysis and Forecast. In Julie DaVanzo, ed. Russia's Demographic "Crisis".Santa Monica, Calif. : RAND CF-124, 1996. U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2000.

- L'accroissement de la mortalité

Alors que la mortalité a , en Russie, toujours été plus élevée que dans les autres pays européens, un accroissement de la mortalité est particulièrement sensible depuis les années 1990. Dans ce domaine, ce sont les décès parmi les hommes en age de travailler qui sont à la base de cette dégradation.

Ainsi, un russe de 20 ans a aujourd'hui une chance sur deux d'atteindre l'âge de 60 ans, alors que les chances d'un américain sont de 9 sur 10.

Plus révélateur encore, l'espérance de vie d'un homme russe est de 13 ans inférieure à celui d'une femme russe, l'une des différences les plus importantes au monde. Ainsi l'espérance de vie des hommes en âge de travailler est inférieure en Russie a ce qu'elle est au Guatemala, en Indonésie, en Irak, au Mexique, au Maroc et aux Philippines.

Tableau N° 3 - Espérance de vie à la naissance (Homme/Femme)





L'alcoolisme – 27.000 morts après ingestion d'alcool frelaté l'an dernier -, le tabac, la drogue, les mauvaises conditions de vie, le délitement du système de santé - 40 % des hôpitaux n'ont pas l'eau chaude - et l'absence de politique sociale dirigée vers les populations jeunes ont fait reculé l'espérance de vie à 59 ans pour les hommes , contre 63,8 ans dans les années 1960, et 72 ans pour les femmes, contre 72,4 à la même période.

- Une structure des âges modifiée

Cette disparition prématurée des populations jeunes influe directement sur la pyramide des âges. En quelques décennies le nombre des personnes âgées de plus de 60 ans a doublé. Selon les prévisions, le ratio des plus de 60 ans devrait doubler entre 2005 et 2020 avec l'entrée dans le 3ème âge des populations massives nées au lendemain du Second conflit mondial.


Tableau N° 4 - Pyramide des âges





II- Les causes du déclin


- Le système de soin

A ses origines, le système de soins soviétique avait été principalement organisé en vue de combattre les principales maladies infectieuses et les grandes épidémies qui ravageaient le pays. Mais, à l'inverse des systèmes occidentaux, le système soviétique n'a pas été capable d'entrer dans la nouvelle ère des soins dans laquelle les conséquences néfastes de l'industrialisation sont contrebalancées par de meilleures conditions de vie et une formation générale à des comportements de vie plus sains.

Ceci explique pourquoi l'espérance de vie stagne dans ce pays depuis déjà plusieurs décennies.

Toutefois « les changements politiques, sociaux, économiques des années 1990 ont mis à mal ce système de soin extensif et gratuit d'une qualité quelque fois douteuse.

Comme le remarquait un officiel russe, les réformes du système de santé ont détruit ce qui existait avant, sans que rien ne vienne le remplacer » [4].

- La consommation d'alcool

La consommation d'alcool apparaît, directement ou indirectement – accident de la route, du travail, violence - comme l'une des causes majeures de l'augmentation de la mortalité en Russie. Ainsi, l'espérance de vie des hommes en Russie a été la plus forte jamais connue durant les années 1984-1987, au moment de la campagne anti-alcool lancée par Mikhail Gorbatchev. Limitation de la production d'Etat, raid contre les distilleries clandestines et la production d'alcool « domestique » (somogon), augmentation des prix et traitement obligatoire des alcooliques, tels ont été les moyens mis en œuvre lors de cette campagne.

Rapidement abandonnée, cette politique a été remplacée avec l'arrivée de Boris Eltsine au pouvoir par ce que certains humoristes ont par dérision qualifié « d'alcoolisation générale du Peuple », en parallèle avec les anciens slogans communistes.

La période a vu la disparition du monopole d'Etat sur les produits alcoolisés et la prolifération – dans les villes - de kiosques « à alcool » ouvert 24h/24, sans interruption.

Au total la consommation d'alcool par habitant et par an est passé de moins de 11 litres en 1988 à plus de 14 litres aujourd'hui.


- Les grandes maladies

Des maladies comme la tuberculose, l'hépatite B ou l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) connaissent une croissance exponentielle. Selon le démographe américain Murray Feshbach, de l'université de Georgetown, "entre 1998 et 1999, le nombre de décès dus à la tuberculose a crû de 30 %". Et si 80 000 personnes sont officiellement enregistrées comme porteuses du virus du sida, en fait un demi-million de personnes seraient infectées.

- L'avortement comme méthode de contraception

Le recours à l'avortement est resté, comme à l'époque soviétique, l'outil principal de régulation de naissance. L'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) répertoriait 1 971 interruptions de grossesses pour 1 000 naissances en 1990, soit deux avortements pour une naissance. Dix ans plus tard, rien ou presque n'a changé avec 1 696 avortements pour 1 000 naissances. Les femmes n'ont pas les moyens de se procurer des contraceptifs. En moyenne, les femmes subissent 3 ou 4 avortements (contre 0,63 en Europe occidentale et 1,5 pour l'Europe orientale) et la pandémie de prostitution liée à la dégradation des conditions économiques n'a fait qu'accentuer ce phénomène, dommageable à la santé et la fécondité.

Conclusion

Enrayer la baisse de la population ne sera possible que si le pays connaît une réelle et substantielle amélioration de la situation économique. Aujourd'hui la Russie n'est plus en mesure de financer un programme nataliste d'une ampleur de nature à augmenter le taux de fécondité de manière significative. Seule une véritable reprise économique stable et durable pourra permettre d ‘éviter une crise démographique encore plus grave.


[1] Cette donnée devrait conduire l'armée russe à repenser l'ensemble des ses pratiques, encore trop largement basé sur l'engagement massif de la troupe, et privilégier des concepts et des équipements faisant plus largement appel à la technologie.

[2] http://www.cdi.org/russia/200.txt (voir #9 strana.ru)

[3] Date de la réintroduction des cartes de rationnement dans les grandes villes russes.

[4] Julie Da Vanzo, Clifford Grammich, Dire Demographics : Population Trends in hte Russian Federation, Rand, 2001. Consultable à l'adresse : http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1273/



Publishing Director: Pascale JOANNIN

The Robert Schuman Foundation, created in 1991 and acknowledged by State decree in 1992, is the main French research centre on Europe. It develops research on the European Union and its policies and promotes the content of these in France , Europe and abroad. It encourages, enriches and stimulates European debate thanks to its research, publications and the organisation of conferences. The Foundation is presided over by Mr. Jean-Dominique Giuliani.

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