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Synthèse n 50
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24th June 2002

L'Albanie aujourd'hui


Author : Adéa Médiani


Constituée en tant qu'Etat à l'issue des guerres balkaniques, en 1913, l'Albanie demeure un pays mal connu, du fait de son isolement politique durant la seconde moitié du XXe siècle.

Petit pays de par sa superficie (28 000 Km 2 ) et sa population (3 244 000 habitants), son territoire ne recouvre pas la totalité des zones de peuplement albanophone. Le nombre très important des Albanais vivant hors des frontières, surtout en ex-Yougoslavie, a permis de parler de "peuple partagé" et constitue une question politique majeure pour l'ensemble des Balkans.

Malgré des ressources naturelles importantes, l'Albanie est actuellement un pays en voie de développement. Son histoire a été profondément marquée par les quarante cinq années du régime autoritaire et autarcique mise en place par Enver Hoxha qui s'est maintenu jusqu'en 1991.

Sans entrer dans le détail de l'histoire mouvementée des Balkans, on peut toutefois sans s'avancer dire que que les Albanais, héritiers des Illyriens, ont tour à tour subi la domination byzantine puis ottomane. Avant d'accéder à l'indépendance, l'Albanie dut non seulement se libérer du joug ottoman, mais encore résister aux fortes prétentions de ses voisins serbes, grecs, monténégrins et bulgares.

Privée de l'appui des grandes puissances, elle n'y parvint que très imparfaitement. En effet, la conférence de Londres, qui mit fin en 1913 aux guerres balkaniques, reconnut l'indépendance de l'Albanie, mais dans un territoire inférieur de moitié à la zone d'implantation réelle des populations albanaises. Le Monténégro et la Serbie conservaient les gains territoriaux acquis lors du traité de San Stefano de 1878 conclu à la suite de la victoire russe contre les Turcs. La Grèce obtenait le partage de la Çameria, région de peuplement mixte gréco albanais. Les frontières de l'Albanie actuelle recouvrent en grande partie celles de 1913. L'entre-deux guerres fut marqué par les visées hégémoniques de plus en plus précises de l'Italie et de l'Allemagne.

Convertie à l'Islam par les Turcs, l'Albanie compte actuellement trois religions principales: les Musulmans, les Orthodoxes et les Catholiques. Les clivages religieux jouent un faible rôle en Albanie, aujourd'hui, à la fois en raison de la tradition très ancienne de coexistence pacifique entre les diverses religions, mais aussi parce que la politique athéiste du régime d'Enver Hoxha a atténué le sentiment religieux.

L'Albanie ayant subi un isolement complet durant 45 ans, elle doit aujourd'hui encore poursuivre sa reconstruction et son intégration sur la scène internationale.

Le contexte interne : Plus grande démocratie et meilleure politique économique.

A. La jeune démocratie albanaise

ace à la pression intérieure et internationale, le régime a procédé à une ouverture progressive en reconnaissant le multipartisme à la fin de 1990 et en organisant les premières élections libres en 1991. Depuis l'Albanie est devenu un état libéral ; régime parlementaire comprenant un Président de la République, un Premier ministre et une assemblée composée de 140 députés élus pour 4 ans au suffrage universel direct.

Le rejet d'un premier projet constitutionnel lors du référendum de novembre 1994 a conduit à la rédaction d'un second projet qui a été adopté par voie de referendum en 1998 et promulgué par le Président Rexhep Meidani.

On retrouve dans ce pays une bipolarisation politique, les deux forces politiques les plus importantes étant le Parti Socialiste (gauche) et le Parti Démocratique (droite), le centre- gauche et le centre- droite essayent de s'affirmer avec plus de force au niveau de l'électorat mais restent encore des partis minoritaires. Au niveau politique, la question immédiate est l'élection du Président de la République. L'article 87 de la Constitution qui dispose de l'élection du Président exige une majorité de 3/5 au parlement, ce qui semble difficilement réalisable sans concessions importantes. Le Président albanais a des pouvoirs plus large que ceux habituellement réservés au Président d'une République parlementaire se conciliant mal avec les taches d'un président honorifique.

B. La construction économique sociale et culturelle

L'Albanie est sortie malade de l'héritage communiste. L'isolement a eu des conséquences importantes sur l'économie et plus largement dans la vie sociale.

L'économie albanaise reposait sur l'agriculture mais la plupart des terres agricoles n'ont été privatisées qu'en 1992. Comme tout régime communiste les intérêts de l'Etat et des pseudo-entreprises prônaient à l'époque le couronnement du pouvoir unique. La privatisation est aujourd'hui achevée et l'Albanie reste un pays agricole où ce secteur contribue pour 51 % au produit intérieur brut.

L'isolement d'un demi-siècle n'a pas non plus permis au tourisme de se développer. Aujourd'hui les professionnels du domaine estiment qu'il s'agit d'une des rerssources principales de future croissance économique. Toutefois le développement du tourisme ne passera que par une amélioration de l'infrastructure matérielle ( routes, électricités, voies ferrées.)

Alors que l'Albanie, donnait depuis 1993 des signes évidents de redressement macroéconomique, la plupart des Albanais ressortiront appauvris de la chute des "pyramides" financières en 1997. Selon les estimations les plus couramment citées, 70% des foyers albanais auraient placé leur épargne dans ces sociétés, pour un total de plus de 1 milliard de dollars. Cette crise économique a eu des conséquences importantes dans tous les domaines mais les indices actuels macroéconomiques sont encourageants et prometteurs, la croissance s'affirme constante.

Quelques données pour l'année 2001 selon des sondages fiables et officiels * : l'inflation en 2001 était de 3,5 %, pour 2002 on prévoit une inflation annuelle de 4 %. Le chômage s'élève à 15 % ; il est plus important pour les hommes que les femmes. La croissance globale est de 7.3 % mais varie selon les secteurs. Elle atteint 16,5% pour la construction mais seulement 9.5% pour les services publics et privés.

Actuellement en Albanie il y a 13 banques étrangères ou à capital mixte et une caisse d'épargne nationale.

On compte de même 3 compagnies d'assurances et une société publique (INSIG) en voie de privatisation. Deux exigences semblent déterminer, en même temps que la reconstruction économique l'émergence de véritables démocraties libérales : la garantie de la liberté et de l'indépendance des médias.

Jusqu'en novembre 1990, une loi spéciale interdisait à la jeunesse de s'organiser en associations. Mais aujourd'hui on compte des centaines d'associations dont 60 sont des associations de femmes.

Dans le même temps, l'Albanie a accompli des progrès considérables sur la voie de l'instauration de la liberté des médias. En particulier, une presse écrite diversifiée et critique s'est développée, tandis que les stations de radio et les chaînes de télévision privées se multiplient. En septembre 1998, le Parlement a créé le Conseil national de l'audiovisuel, organe autonome chargé d'attribuer les licences privées de radio et de télévision. Sur les trois chaînes de télévision nationales deux sont privées.

La Constitution de 1998 apporte des garanties relatives aux droits de l'homme, conformes aux normes européennes et internationales. De plus, elle institue la séparation entre le pouvoir législatif, exécutif et judiciaire ; elle garantit la liberté d'expression et la liberté des médias, le droit à l'information, en particulier sur les activités de l'Etat, l'égalité de tous devant la loi et la non-discrimination.

L'isolement de l'Albanie n'a pas seulement retardé le développement économique et supprimé toute garantie aux droits fondamentaux mais il a donné une mauvaise image du pays, le rangeant dans la catégorie des « pays communistes de l'Est »

L'affichage "nécessaire dans le contexte externe"

Les objectifs de l'Albanie en matière de politique extérieure sont loin d'être remplis. Toutefois, après l'isolement, l'ouverture à l'Europe occidentale s'est fait en premier lieu par l'adhésion au Conseil de l'Europe grâce à certains "acquis" au niveau international. Cependant cette intégration euro - atlantique n'est pas complète et reste actuellement la priorité de la politique étrangère albanaise ( B )

A ) Les "acquis" servant d'accès dans le milieu européen et international

L'Italie, ancienne puissance occupante, la Grèce, pays rival jusqu'à une date récente, et la Turquie sont aujourd'hui des partenaires privilégiés de l'Albanie. Ces partenariats bilatéraux se sont ultérieurement élargis et institutionnalisés au niveau européen, par l'admission du pays à l'Organisation sur la sécurité et la coopération en Europe (OSCE) en 1991, puis le 29 juin 1995, au Conseil de l'Europe, à la suite d'un avis favorable assorti d'une série d'engagements et de considérations relatives à la démocratisation et au renforcement de l'état de droit.

Il est à préciser aussi que l'Albanie venait d'être admise, comme observateur, dans la communauté des pays ayant le français en partage lors du sommet de la Francophonie qui s'était réuni à Hanoi en novembre 1997.

L'adhésion a l'ONU a été réalisée, il y a longtemps, le 14 décembre 1955. L'Albanie a souscrit et ratifié plusieurs traités multilatéraux dans le cadre de cet organisme comme celui des droits civils et politiques, contre la discrimination a l'égard des femmes ou pour les droits de l'enfant.

Dans le même temps, l'Albanie est un des neuf pays qui sont officiellement candidats à l'élargissement à l'OTAN prévu lors d'un sommet des chefs d'État et de gouvernement à Prague en novembre 2002.

B ) L'intégration dans l'Union européenne : une question primordiale de la
politique albanaise.


Le pacte de stabilité pour l'Europe du Sud-Est signé le 10 juin 1999 à Cologne avait pour objectif de faire des Balkans, sur le long terme, un ensemble d'Etats plus démocratiques, plus prospères et plus pacifiques. L'Albanie, la Macédoine, la Bosnie-Herzégovine, la Croatie et - à certaines conditions - la République fédérale de Yougoslavie sont appelées à se rapprocher progressivement des structures européennes dans la perspective de rejoindre, ultérieurement à terme l'Union européenne. Du pacte de stabilité n'est resté qu'une formule : on promet aux Etats balkaniques de leur ouvrir « la perspective d'un rapprochement avec l'Union européenne ». Malheureusement aujourdh'ui, il semble qu'il n'est plus question d'accélérer ou de faciliter la procédure régulière d'intégration. L'ouverture des négociations avec l'UE sur l'Accord d'association pour l'Albanie qui devrait être faite en juin 2002 a été reportée jusqu'à un futur proche.

Entre temps le gouvernement albanais ne cesse de travailler en étroite collaboration avec la Commission pour entamer les réformes préparatoires indispensables à l'adoption et à la mise en œuvre de l'acquis communautaire. La législation a été modifiée pour s'adapter aux exigences communautaires.

Il est important que l'Albanie et les Balkans en général ne restent pas en dehors de ce mouvement d'unification. Certains pensent que nous sommes toujours «l'autre Europe». Mais c'est "une autre Europe" qui peut prochainement s'«européaniser », suivant la volonté des responsables occidentaux. Finalement, le plus important serait d'éviter de creuser l'abîme déjà profond entre les pays en développement et les pays développés. L'ampleur de la technologie dans notre monde d'aujourd'hui ne doit pas avoir pour seule conséquence de déconnecter les petits pays pauvres du marché du Monde.

* brochure publiée par l'Institut des Statistiques INSTAT



Publishing Director: Pascale JOANNIN

The Robert Schuman Foundation, created in 1991 and acknowledged by State decree in 1992, is the main French research centre on Europe. It develops research on the European Union and its policies and promotes the content of these in France , Europe and abroad. It encourages, enriches and stimulates European debate thanks to its research, publications and the organisation of conferences. The Foundation is presided over by Mr. Jean-Dominique Giuliani.

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Government
Lithuania
Audronius Azubalis, former journalist and chair of the parliamentary foreign affairs committee was appointed on 29th January as head of Lithuanian...
Italy
Financial Crisis
In December the unemployment rate reached 8.5% increasing by 0.2 points in comparison with the previous month and by 1.5 points in comparison with...
Ulster
UK
On 5th February an agreement was signed at Hillsborough Castle between British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Irish PM Brian Cowen with regard to...
Personal Data
Commission
The European Commission adopted a decision on 5th February that updates the contract clauses for the transfer of personal data to data intermediaries...
Franco-German
France
On 4th February the 12th Franco-German Council of Ministers took place bringing together both French and German ministers with Nicolas Sarkozy and...
Bank note/Chopin
Poland
The Polish Central Bank (NBP) announced on 4th February that on the occasion of the bicentenary of the composer's birth it was selling on-line from...
Space
Slovenia
The Slovenian Minister for Higher Education Gregor Golobic signed a participation agreement on 22nd January with regard to Slovenia in the European...
Davos
Financial Crisis
The Davos Forum ended on 30th January on a note that was far from euphoric because as growth has started again the budgetary problems of states such...
Czech Republic
Financial Crisis
The annual IMF mission to the Czech Republic ended on 25th January. According to its conclusions the rate of the country's economic growth is due to...
Euro
Estonia
The Estonian Finance Minister announced on 23rd January that Estonia now met all criteria to adopt the European currency which it hopes to do in...
Waste
Commission
European Environment Commissioner Stavros Dimas said on 1st February that the Commission supported the creation of a European Waste Agency to improve...
France
Financial Crisis
The number of unemployed, those without work at all, declined in December in mainland France by 18,700 over one month to lie at 2.61 million at the...
EU/Belarus
Studies/Reports
The German Society for Foreign Policy (DGAP) has published a study by Maria Davydchyk and Marie-Lena May entitled "Die Gunst der Stunde nutzen:...
Seminar/CERI
Foundation
On 9th February the Robert Schuman Foundation and the CERI are organising a seminar entitled "The EU in quest of political legitimacy : towards new...
Museum/Essen
Culture
The new Folkwang Museum in Essen, which has a wealth of Impressionist paintings, opened its doors on 30th January. The opening to the public is one...

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