supplement
Louise Borjes,
Luis Bouza Garcia,
Piotr Buras,
Thierry Chopin,
Sergio Fabbrini,
Juha Jokela,
Martin Koopmann,
Christian Lequesne,
Anand Menon,
Pauline Schnapper,
Andrew Scott
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Louise Borjes
Luis Bouza Garcia
Piotr Buras
Director of the European Foreign Affairs Council Office
Thierry Chopin
Sergio Fabbrini
Juha Jokela
Martin Koopmann
Christian Lequesne
Anand Menon
Pauline Schnapper
Andrew Scott
[1]. The institutional reform of Lisbon (2009) introduced article 50 into the Treaty on European Union which allows a Member State to exit the European Union.
[2]. Thanks to the support provided by the Centre d'Analyse, de Prévision et de Stratégie (CAPS) at the French Ministry for Foreign Affairs and International Development to the research group co-piloted by Thierry Chopin and Christian Lequesne within the CERI.
Publishing Director : Pascale Joannin
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Salomé Zourabichvili
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Valeria Falce
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14 October 2025
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Laurent Mayet
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7 October 2025

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