Country Sheet : Poland

Information file

Last Update on 20 July 2026

POLAND

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In English - version of 20 July 2026

Geography

Area : 312,679 km²

Borders : 3,071 km (Belarus 418 km, Czech Republic 796 km, Germany 467 km, Lithuania 104 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 210 km, Slovakia 541 km, Ukraine 535 km) Coastline: 440 km (Baltic Sea)

Coastline : 440 km (Baltic Sea)

Capital : Warsaw

Official language : Polish

Source : The CIA World Factbook

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Population

Population : 36,497,495 inhabitants (2024)

Crude natural change rate : -4.3‰ (2024)

Population repartition: 14.2% under 15 years old; 19.8% over 65 years old (2024)

Crude net migration rate: 0,9 ‰ (2023)

First time asylum applicants: 13,220 (2025)

Life expectancy: men 74.8 years, women 82.2 years (2024)

Religions: Catholic 85%, Orthodox 1.3%, Protestant 0.4%, other 0.3%, unspecified 12.9% (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups: Polish 96.9%, German 0.2%, Silesians 1.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 1.7% (2011 est.)

Source : Eurostat, The World Factbook

Economy

Currency: Zloty (PLN) (exchange rate December 2025: 1€ = 4.23 PLN)

GDP: € 922, 866 million (2024)

GDP per capita (PPS): € 22,560 (2024)

GDP growth : 3% (2024)

Inflation: 3.2 % (April 2026)

Public debt: 59.7% of GDP (2025)

Unemployment: 3.3 % (March 2026)

Stock of foreign direct investment from the entire world: 38.6% of GDP (2022)

Performance sectors: furniture, automobile industry, shipbuilding, food industry, steel industry

Budget balance: -7.3% of GDP (2025)

Source : Eurostat, Trading Economics

Political system

Republic, parliamentary democracy (Constitution of 17th October 1997)

Head of State: Karol Nawrocki, independent candidate supported by the Law and Justice party (PiS), elected on June 1, 2025 by direct universal suffrage (5-year term, renewable once).

Prime Minister: Donald Tusk (KO) was elected President of the Council of Ministers by the Sejm on 11th December 2023 and has been in office since 13th December 2023. He leads a coalition government between the Civic Coalition, Third Way and New Left.

Bicameral parliamentary system: The Diet (Sejm) comprises of 460 members who are elected for a four-year term by proportional representation. A threshold of 5% of votes is necessary for a political party (8% for a coalition) to be represented in the Diet; some seats are reserved for representatives of ethnic minorities. The 100 members of the Senate are elected for four years by majority vote; representatives and senators are elected at the same time.