Country Sheet : Romania

Information file

Last Update on 5th June 2026

ROMANIA

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In English - version of 5th June 2026

Geography

Area : 237,500 km²

Borders : 2,508 km; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km

Coastline : 225 km

Capital : Bucharest

Official language : Romanian

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Population

Population : 19,054,550 (Q1 2024)

Crude natural change rate : -7.4‰ (2022)

Population repartition: 15,4% under 15 years old, 22,6% over 65 years old (2024 est.)

Foreign residents: EU nationals 0.3%, non-EU nationals 0.3% (2019)

Crude net migration rate: -3.3‰ (2024 est.)

First time asylum applicants: 10,095 (2023)

Life expectancy: men 76.9 years, women 80.5 years (2024 est.)

Religions: Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.)

Ethnic groups: Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Roma 3.1%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.)

Source : Eurostat, CIA World Factbook, National institute of Statistics

Economy

Currency: the leu (RON) (exchange rate December 2025: 1€ = 5.08 RON)

GDP: € 353,821 million (2024)

GDP per capita (PPS): € 13,130 (2024)

GDP growth : 0.8% (2024)

Inflation: 6.5 % (November 2025)

Public debt: 54.8% of GDP (December 2024)

Unemployment: 5.9 % (October 2025)

Stock of foreign direct investment from the entire world: 42.3% of GDP (2022)

Budget balance: -5.6% of GDP (December 2024)

Source : Eurostat, European Commission, National Bank of Romania, Trading Economics

Political system

Republic, semi-presidential regime (Constitution passed by referendum December 8th 1991).

Head of State: Nicușor Dan (proeuropean centrist) won the presidential election on 18 May 2025 and took office on 26 May. The president is elected by diurect universal suffrage for 5 years, renewable once.

Prime Minister: Renew MEP Eugen Tomac was appointed on 4 June by President Nicosur Dan, one month after Ilie Bolojan was ousted by a motion of no confidence passed by the Social Democrats and the far right.

Romania is a bicameral parliamentary system which includes a House of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor) and a Senate: Deputies (330 seats) and senators (136 seats) are elected for four years by direct universal suffrage according to proportional representation. A 5% threshold must be reached.