The third era of European integration

Jean-Dominique Giuliani

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22 April 2024
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Giuliani Jean-Dominique

Jean-Dominique Giuliani

Chairman of the Robert Schuman Foundation

We have now entered the third era of the European Union, that of geopolitical completion, writes Jean-Dominique Giuliani. This means that many European resources must be reviewed in response to four major challenges that demand strong and urgent answers.

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Under the current treaties of the European Union (

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