Country Sheet : Estonia

Information file

Last Update on 16th July 2025

ESTONIA

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In English - version of 16th July 2025

Geography

Area : 45,228 km²

Borders : 633 km; Latvia 343 km, Russia 290 km

Coastline : 3,794 km (numerous islands)

Capital : Tallinn

Official language : Estonian

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Population

Population : 1,374,687 inhabitants (2024)

Crude natural change rate : -4.4‰ (2024)

Population repartition: 16% under 15 years old, 20.5% over 65 years (2024)

Foreign residents: EU nationals 1%, extra-EU nationals 2% (2021)

Crude net migration rate: 1 ‰ (2024)

First time asylum applicants: 1,355 (2024)

Life expectancy: men 74.1 years, women 83.1 years (2023)

Religions: None 54.1%, Orthodox 16.2%, Lutheran 9.9%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 2.2%, other 0.9%, unspecified 16.7%

Ethnic groups: 68.7% Estonians, 24.8% Russians, 1.7% Ukrainians, 1% Belarusians, 0.6% Finns and 1.6% others

Source : Eurostat, The CIA World Factbook

Economy

Currency: Euro

GDP: € 39,510.1 million (2024)

GDP per capita (PPS): € 21,020 (2024)

GDP growth : -0.3% (2024)

Inflation: 5% (June 2025)

Public debt: 23.6% of GDP (Q4 2024)

Unemployment: 8.6% (March 2025)

Stock of foreign direct investment from the entire world: 97.7% of GDP (2023)

Budget balance: -1.5% of GDP (2025)

Source : Eurostat, CIA World Factbook, Trading Economics

Political system

Republic, parliamentary democracy (Constitution of June 28th 1992)

Head of State: Alar Karis (independent), elected for a 5-year term on October 11th 2021.

Prime Minister: Kristen Michal, Reform Party (ERE), since 23rd July 2024. He leads a government coalition composed of the Reform Party (ERE), the Social Democratic Party (SDE) and Estonia 200 (E200).

Unicameral parliamentary system: The Parliament (Riigikogu) comprises 101 seats. Representatives are elected for four years by direct universal suffrage, according to proportional representation.